Ch 4: Carb Flashcards
________ is the largest macronutrient consumed in the diet.
Carb
The three main elements in carbohydrates are ________, ________, and ________.
CHO
________ is the process by which plants use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to create glucose.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
The two main types of carbohydrates are ________ and ________.
Simple, complex
________ are single sugar units, while ________ consist of two sugar units.
Monosaccharide, disaccharide
________ is the storage form of carbohydrates in plants, while ________ is the storage form in animals.
Starch, glycogen
________ grains contain the bran, germ, and endosperm, while ________ grains are stripped of the bran and germ.
Whole
Refined
________ fibre dissolves in water and helps lower cholesterol, while ________ fibre does not dissolve and promotes bowel health.
Soluble, insoluble
The hormone ________ lowers blood glucose levels, while ________ raises blood glucose levels.
Insulin, glucagon
The glycemic ________ ranks foods based on how they affect blood sugar levels.
Index
The ________ is the minimum daily carbohydrate intake required for brain function.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 130g/day
________ occurs when the body breaks down fat for energy due to a lack of carbohydrates.
Ketosis
The three types of diabetes are ________, ________, and ________.
Type 1, type 2, gestational
________ intolerance is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase.
Lactose
The ________ diet reduces carbohydrate intake to promote weight loss and ketone production.
Low carb
Which macronutrient is the main source of energy for the body?
a) Protein
b) Carbohydrates
c) Fats
d) Vitamins
B
What type of carbohydrate is sucrose?
a) Monosaccharide
b) Polysaccharide
c) Disaccharide
d) Fibre
C
Which of the following is a monosaccharide?
a) Maltose
b) Lactose
c) Fructose
d) Cellulose
C
What type of carbohydrate is found in fibre?
a) Monosaccharide
b) Disaccharide
c) Polysaccharide
d) Amino acid
C
Glycogen is primarily stored in the ________.
a) Kidneys
b) Liver and muscles
c) Heart
d) Stomach
B
Which part of a whole grain is removed during refining?
a) Endosperm
b) Bran and germ
c) Starch
d) Glucose
B
Soluble fibre helps ________.
a) Strengthen bones
b) Lower cholesterol
c) Build muscle
d) Increase insulin resistance
B
Which hormone lowers blood sugar levels?
a) Glucagon
b) Insulin
c) Adrenaline
d) Cortisol
B
The glycemic index measures how a food affects ________.
a) Blood sugar levels
b) Metabolism
c) Digestion speed
d) Calorie absorption
A
Which of the following is an indigestible carbohydrate?
a) Glucose
b) Sucrose
c) Fibre
d) Maltose
C
What type of diabetes is caused by the immune system attacking insulin-producing cells?
a) Type 1
b) Type 2
c) Gestational
d) Pre-diabetes
A
diet high in refined sugars can increase the risk of ________.
a) Improved heart health
b) Weight gain and diabetes
c) Stronger muscles
d) Better digestion
B
Lactose intolerance is due to the lack of which enzyme?
a) Maltase
b) Sucrase
c) Lactase
d) Amylase
C
Which non-nutritive sweetener is used in “Splenda”?
a) Aspartame
b) Sucralose
c) Xylitol
d) Saccharin
B
What is the minimum daily carbohydrate intake recommended for brain function?
a) 50g
b) 75g
c) 100g
d) 130g
D
What are the two types of carbohydrates?
Simple and complex
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
Provide energy
What are the three monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, galactose
What are the two disaccharides?
Sucrose, lactose, maltose
What is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals?
Glycogen
What is the difference between whole grains and refined grains?
What is the difference between whole grains and refined grains?
What are the two types of fibre?
Soluble, insoluble
Which hormone regulates blood sugar by lowering it?
Insulin
What is the glycemic index?
Ranking system for how quickly carb raise blood sugar levels
What is a common symptom of lactose intolerance?
Bloating, gas, diarrhea
What is the primary cause of Type 2 Diabetes?
Insulin resistance due to poor diet and lifestyle.
What is a ketone body?
acidic molecule produced when fat is used for energy instead of carbohydrates.
What is an example of a sugar alcohol?
Xylitol
How many kcal per gram do carbohydrates provide?
4 kcal/g
What is a health benefit of a high-fibre diet?
Reduces risk of heart disease and colon cancer
The protective outer
layers of whole grains. It is a
concentrated source of dietary
fibre.
Bran
The embryo or sprouting
portion of a kernel of grain, which
contains vegetable oil, protein,
fibre, and vitamins.
Germ
The entire kernel
of grain, including the bran layers,
the germ, and the endosperm.
Whole grain
The largest portion
of a kernel of grain, which is
primarily starch and serves as
a food supply for the sprouting
seed.
Endosperm
Grains to which specific amounts
of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and
iron have been added. Since 1998,
folic acid has also been added to
enriched grains.
Fortified/ enriched grains
Monosaccharides
and disaccharides added to food
during processing or preparation
and also the monosaccharides
and disaccharides in honey,
syrups and fruit juices are __
Free sugars
Added sugars meaning
Sugars and syrups that have been added to food during processing or preparation
Carbohydrates known as sugars
that include monosaccharides
and disaccharides.
Simple carbohydrates
Carbohydrates composed of
monosaccharide molecules
linked together in straight or
branching chains. They include
glycogen, starches, and fibres.
Complex carbs
A single sugar
unit, such as glucose.
Monosaccharide
A sugar formed by
linking two monosaccharides.
Disaccharide
A monosaccharide
that is the primary form of
carbohydrate used to provide
energy in the body. It is the sugar
referred to as blood sugar __
Glucose
A monosaccharide
that combines with glucose to
form lactose or milk sugar.
Galactose
monosaccharide
that is the primary form of
carbohydrate found in fruit.
Fructose
disaccharide that is
formed by linking fructose and
glucose. It is commonly known as
table sugar or white sugar.
Sucrose
A disaccharide that is
formed by linking galactose and
glucose. It is commonly known as
milk sugar.
Lactose
disaccharide made
up of two molecules of glucose. It
is formed in the intestines during
starch digestion.
Maltose
A type
of chemical reaction in which a
large molecule is broken into two
smaller molecules by the addition
of water.
Hydrolysis
type
of chemical reaction in which
two molecules are joined to form
a larger molecule and water is
released
Condensation rxn
Short-chain
carbohydrates containing 3–10
sugar units.
Oligosaccharides
Carbohydrates
containing many monosaccharides
units linked together.
Polysaccharide
carbohydrate made
of many glucose molecules linked
together in a highly branched
structure. It is the storage form of
carbohydrate in animals.
Glycogen
carbohydrate made of
many glucose molecules linked
in straight or branching chains.
The bonds that hold the glucose
molecules together can be broken
by human digestive enzymes.
Starch
mixture of
indigestible carbohydrates and
lignin that is found intact in
plants.
Dietary fibre
Isolated
indigestible carbohydrates
that have been shown to have
beneficial physiological effects
in humans.
Functional fibre
Fibre that
dissolves in water or absorbs
water to form viscous solutions
and can be broken down by
the intestinal microflora. It
includes pectins, gums, and some
hemicelluloses.
Soluble fibre
An enzyme located
in the brush border of the
small intestine that breaks the
disaccharide lactose into glucose
and galactose.
Lacatase
Causes of lactose intolerance
Intestinal gas, bloating after dairy products are consumed
Lactose intolerance meaning
Inability to digest lactose bc of reduction in levels of enzyme lactase
Molecules formed in the liver
when there is not sufficient
carbohydrate to completely
metabolize the 2-carbon units
produced from fat breakdown.
Ketones
hormone made in the
pancreas that allows the uptake
of glucose by body cells
- as stimulating protein and fat synthesis
- the synthesis of glycogen in liver and muscle.
Insulin
hormone made
in the pancreas that stimulates
the breakdown of liver glycogen
and the synthesis of glucose to
increase blood sugar.
Glucagon
low blood-
glucose level, usually below 2.2 to
2.8 mmol/L of blood plasma.
hypoglycemia
Caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin - producing cells in pancreas (insulin deficiency)
Type 1
Characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency
Type 2 diabetes
situation
when tissues become less
responsive to insulin and do
not take up glucose as readily.
As a result glucose levels in the
blood rise.
Insulin resistance
form
of diabetes that occurs during
pregnancy and resolves after the
baby is born.
Gestational diabetes
