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Nutrients > Ch 4: Carb > Flashcards

Ch 4: Carb Flashcards

1
Q

________ is the largest macronutrient consumed in the diet.

A

Carb

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2
Q

The three main elements in carbohydrates are ________, ________, and ________.

A

CHO

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3
Q

________ is the process by which plants use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to create glucose.

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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4
Q

The two main types of carbohydrates are ________ and ________.

A

Simple, complex

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5
Q

________ are single sugar units, while ________ consist of two sugar units.

A

Monosaccharide, disaccharide

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6
Q

________ is the storage form of carbohydrates in plants, while ________ is the storage form in animals.

A

Starch, glycogen

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7
Q

________ grains contain the bran, germ, and endosperm, while ________ grains are stripped of the bran and germ.

A

Whole
Refined

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8
Q

________ fibre dissolves in water and helps lower cholesterol, while ________ fibre does not dissolve and promotes bowel health.

A

Soluble, insoluble

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9
Q

The hormone ________ lowers blood glucose levels, while ________ raises blood glucose levels.

A

Insulin, glucagon

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10
Q

The glycemic ________ ranks foods based on how they affect blood sugar levels.

A

Index

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11
Q

The ________ is the minimum daily carbohydrate intake required for brain function.

A

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 130g/day

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12
Q

________ occurs when the body breaks down fat for energy due to a lack of carbohydrates.

A

Ketosis

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13
Q

The three types of diabetes are ________, ________, and ________.

A

Type 1, type 2, gestational

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14
Q

________ intolerance is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase.

A

Lactose

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15
Q

The ________ diet reduces carbohydrate intake to promote weight loss and ketone production.

A

Low carb

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16
Q

Which macronutrient is the main source of energy for the body?
a) Protein
b) Carbohydrates
c) Fats
d) Vitamins

A

B

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17
Q

What type of carbohydrate is sucrose?
a) Monosaccharide
b) Polysaccharide
c) Disaccharide
d) Fibre

A

C

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18
Q

Which of the following is a monosaccharide?
a) Maltose
b) Lactose
c) Fructose
d) Cellulose

A

C

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19
Q

What type of carbohydrate is found in fibre?
a) Monosaccharide
b) Disaccharide
c) Polysaccharide
d) Amino acid

A

C

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20
Q

Glycogen is primarily stored in the ________.
a) Kidneys
b) Liver and muscles
c) Heart
d) Stomach

A

B

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21
Q

Which part of a whole grain is removed during refining?
a) Endosperm
b) Bran and germ
c) Starch
d) Glucose

A

B

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22
Q

Soluble fibre helps ________.
a) Strengthen bones
b) Lower cholesterol
c) Build muscle
d) Increase insulin resistance

A

B

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23
Q

Which hormone lowers blood sugar levels?
a) Glucagon
b) Insulin
c) Adrenaline
d) Cortisol

A

B

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24
Q

The glycemic index measures how a food affects ________.
a) Blood sugar levels
b) Metabolism
c) Digestion speed
d) Calorie absorption

A

A

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25
Which of the following is an indigestible carbohydrate? a) Glucose b) Sucrose c) Fibre d) Maltose
C
26
What type of diabetes is caused by the immune system attacking insulin-producing cells? a) Type 1 b) Type 2 c) Gestational d) Pre-diabetes
A
27
diet high in refined sugars can increase the risk of ________. a) Improved heart health b) Weight gain and diabetes c) Stronger muscles d) Better digestion
B
28
Lactose intolerance is due to the lack of which enzyme? a) Maltase b) Sucrase c) Lactase d) Amylase
C
29
Which non-nutritive sweetener is used in "Splenda"? a) Aspartame b) Sucralose c) Xylitol d) Saccharin
B
30
What is the minimum daily carbohydrate intake recommended for brain function? a) 50g b) 75g c) 100g d) 130g
D
31
What are the two types of carbohydrates?
Simple and complex
32
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
Provide energy
33
What are the three monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, galactose
34
What are the two disaccharides?
Sucrose, lactose, maltose
35
What is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals?
Glycogen
36
What is the difference between whole grains and refined grains?
What is the difference between whole grains and refined grains?
37
What are the two types of fibre?
Soluble, insoluble
38
Which hormone regulates blood sugar by lowering it?
Insulin
39
What is the glycemic index?
Ranking system for how quickly carb raise blood sugar levels
40
What is a common symptom of lactose intolerance?
Bloating, gas, diarrhea
41
What is the primary cause of Type 2 Diabetes?
Insulin resistance due to poor diet and lifestyle.
42
What is a ketone body?
acidic molecule produced when fat is used for energy instead of carbohydrates.
43
What is an example of a sugar alcohol?
Xylitol
44
How many kcal per gram do carbohydrates provide?
4 kcal/g
45
What is a health benefit of a high-fibre diet?
Reduces risk of heart disease and colon cancer
46
The protective outer layers of whole grains. It is a concentrated source of dietary fibre.
Bran
47
The embryo or sprouting portion of a kernel of grain, which contains vegetable oil, protein, fibre, and vitamins.
Germ
48
The entire kernel of grain, including the bran layers, the germ, and the endosperm.
Whole grain
49
The largest portion of a kernel of grain, which is primarily starch and serves as a food supply for the sprouting seed.
Endosperm
50
Grains to which specific amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron have been added. Since 1998, folic acid has also been added to enriched grains.
Fortified/ enriched grains
51
Monosaccharides and disaccharides added to food during processing or preparation and also the monosaccharides and disaccharides in honey, syrups and fruit juices are __
Free sugars
52
Added sugars meaning
Sugars and syrups that have been added to food during processing or preparation
53
Carbohydrates known as sugars that include monosaccharides and disaccharides.
Simple carbohydrates
54
Carbohydrates composed of monosaccharide molecules linked together in straight or branching chains. They include glycogen, starches, and fibres.
Complex carbs
55
A single sugar unit, such as glucose.
Monosaccharide
56
A sugar formed by linking two monosaccharides.
Disaccharide
57
A monosaccharide that is the primary form of carbohydrate used to provide energy in the body. It is the sugar referred to as blood sugar __
Glucose
58
A monosaccharide that combines with glucose to form lactose or milk sugar.
Galactose
59
monosaccharide that is the primary form of carbohydrate found in fruit.
Fructose
60
disaccharide that is formed by linking fructose and glucose. It is commonly known as table sugar or white sugar.
Sucrose
61
A disaccharide that is formed by linking galactose and glucose. It is commonly known as milk sugar.
Lactose
62
disaccharide made up of two molecules of glucose. It is formed in the intestines during starch digestion.
Maltose
63
A type of chemical reaction in which a large molecule is broken into two smaller molecules by the addition of water.
Hydrolysis
64
type of chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined to form a larger molecule and water is released
Condensation rxn
65
Short-chain carbohydrates containing 3–10 sugar units.
Oligosaccharides
66
Carbohydrates containing many monosaccharides units linked together.
Polysaccharide
67
carbohydrate made of many glucose molecules linked together in a highly branched structure. It is the storage form of carbohydrate in animals.
Glycogen
68
carbohydrate made of many glucose molecules linked in straight or branching chains. The bonds that hold the glucose molecules together can be broken by human digestive enzymes.
Starch
69
mixture of indigestible carbohydrates and lignin that is found intact in plants.
Dietary fibre
70
Isolated indigestible carbohydrates that have been shown to have beneficial physiological effects in humans.
Functional fibre
71
Fibre that dissolves in water or absorbs water to form viscous solutions and can be broken down by the intestinal microflora. It includes pectins, gums, and some hemicelluloses.
Soluble fibre
72
An enzyme located in the brush border of the small intestine that breaks the disaccharide lactose into glucose and galactose.
Lacatase
73
Causes of lactose intolerance
Intestinal gas, bloating after dairy products are consumed
74
Lactose intolerance meaning
Inability to digest lactose bc of reduction in levels of enzyme lactase
75
Molecules formed in the liver when there is not sufficient carbohydrate to completely metabolize the 2-carbon units produced from fat breakdown.
Ketones
76
hormone made in the pancreas that allows the uptake of glucose by body cells - as stimulating protein and fat synthesis - the synthesis of glycogen in liver and muscle.
Insulin
77
hormone made in the pancreas that stimulates the breakdown of liver glycogen and the synthesis of glucose to increase blood sugar.
Glucagon
78
low blood- glucose level, usually below 2.2 to 2.8 mmol/L of blood plasma.
hypoglycemia
79
Caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin - producing cells in pancreas (insulin deficiency)
Type 1
80
Characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency
Type 2 diabetes
81
situation when tissues become less responsive to insulin and do not take up glucose as readily. As a result glucose levels in the blood rise.
Insulin resistance
82
form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and resolves after the baby is born.
Gestational diabetes

Nutrients (15 decks)

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