Ch 1 Flashcards
Nutrition is the study of the interactions between ______ and the food they consume.
Living organisms
The six classes of nutrients
- Carb
- Lipid
3 proteins - Vitamins
- Minerals
- Water
Macronutrients provide energy, while ______ do not but are still essential.
Micronutrients
Nutrients that contain carbon are called ______ nutrients.
Organic
The amount of heat needed to raise 1 kg of water by 1°C is called a ____
Kilocalorie (kcal)
Undernutrition occurs when nutrient intake is ______.
Inadequeate
Overnutrition results from excessive intake of energy or ______ nutrients.
Specific
Macronutrients examples
Carbs, lipids, proteins
Nutrient-dense foods provide a high proportion of nutrients relative to their ______ content.
Calorie
Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and ______
Nitrogen
Genetics interact with dietary choices to influence the risk of developing ______ diseases.
Chronic
Metabolism refers to all ______ reactions in the body.
Chemical
Name the 4 fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
The study of diet and health patterns in populations is called ___
EPIDEMIOLOGY
The leading cause of diet-related death is ______.
Cancer
Which of the following is NOT a macronutrient?
a) Carbohydrates
b) Lipids
c) Vitamins
d) Proteins
C
Which of these is an example of a micronutrient?
a) Proteins
b) Water
c) Minerals
d) Lipids
C
Which type of nutrient provides the most energy per gram?
a) Carbohydrates
b) Proteins
c) Lipids
d) Water
C
Which of the following is considered an inorganic nutrient?
a) Proteins
b) Vitamins
c) Carbohydrates
d) Water
D
Which macronutrient is most important for tissue growth and repair?
a) Carbohydrates
b) Lipids
c) Proteins
d) Vitamins
C
Which of these foods is the most nutrient-dense?
a) French fries
b) Broccoli
c) Soda
d) White bread
B
What is the main function of lipids?
a) Provide energy at rest
b) Build muscle tissue
c) Transport oxygen in the blood
d) Aid digestion
A
Which of the following factors influences food choices?
a) Availability
b) Culture
c) Personal preference
d) All of the above
D
What is the main function of vitamins?
a) Provide energy
b) Regulate body processes
c) Form body structures
d) Build muscle
B
Which of these nutrients is NOT an energy-yielding macronutrient?
a) Carbohydrates
b) Vitamins
c) Lipids
d) Proteins
B
Which of the following best describes homeostasis?
a) Breakdown of food for energy
b) Maintenance of internal balance
c) The process of digestion
d) None of the above
B
Which study type involves observing a population without intervention?
a) Experimental study
b) Clinical trial
c) Observational study
d) Laboratory study
C
Which of the following is considered a complex carbohydrate?
a) Sugar
b) Fiber
c) Milk
d) None of the above
B
Which term describes an association between two factors without proving cause and effect?
a) Causation
b) Correlation
c) Homeostasis
d) Metabolism
B
Which of these is an example of a trace element (mineral)?
a) Calcium
b) Iron
c) Sodium
d) Potassium
B
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
Provide energy
What makes a nutrient “essential”?
must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot make it
What are the two types of vitamins?
Fat-soluble and water-soluble
What is the primary function of proteins?
Tissue growth, repair, and maintenance
Which three macronutrients provide energy?
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
What unit is used to measure energy in food?
Kcal
What is the difference between undernutrition and overnutrition?
Undernutrition is inadequate nutrient intake, while overnutrition is excessive intake
Which chronic diseases are linked to poor nutrition?
Cancer, heart disease, and stroke
What is nutrient density?
The ratio of nutrients to calories in food
What are some factors that influence food choices?
Availability, culture, income, transportation, personal preference
What does homeostasis mean?
Maintaining internal balance in the body
What is the main function of lipids?
Provide energy at rest and support cell function
Define metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates?
Simple carbohydrates are sugars, while complex carbohydrates include starches and fiber
nutrition
A science that studies
the interactions that occur
between living organisms
and food
nutrients
Chemical substances
in foods that provide energy and
structure and help regulate body
processes.
processed foods
Foods that
have been
changed from their natural state
chronic disease
Non-
communicable diseases that
develop slowly over a lifetime
and need continuing medical
attention to manage and control.
This is a comprehensive
survey of health-related issues,
including the eating habits of
Canadians, that was begun in
2000 and continues to collect
data annually
Canadian Community Health
Survey
This is a comprehensive
survey of health-related issues,
including the eating habits of
Canadians, that was begun in
2000 and continues to collect
data annually
Canadian Community Health
Survey
essential nutrients
Nutrients
that must be provided in the diet
because the body either cannot
make them
fortified foods
Foods to which
one or more nutrients have
been added, typically to replace
nutrient losses during processing
natural health products
include vitamin and mineral
supplements, amino acids,
fatty acids, probiotics, herbal
remedies
phytochemicals
Substances
found in plant foods (phyto means
plant) that are not essential
nutrients but may have health-
promoting properties.
zoochemicals Substanc
zoochemicals
Substances
found in animal foods (zoo means
animal) that are not essential
nutrients but may have health-
promoting properties.
energy-yielding nutrients
provide energy in the body.
overnutrition
an energy or
nutrient intake in excess
nutrigenomics
The study of
how diet affects our genes
adequacy
A state in which
there is a sufficient amount of a
nutrient or nutrients in the diet to
maintain health.
portion distortion
The
increase in portion sizes for
typical restaurant and snack
foods, observed
theory
An explanation based
on scientific study and reasoning.
Biomarker
Sign if something is healthy or not, like disease
A biological
measurement that is an indicator
of future disease development.
cardiovascular disease
A disease that results from
damage to blood vessels, such as
the coronary arteries of the heart,
which can cause heart attack,
Sample size calculation
it’s just figuring out how many people to ask to make sure your answer is as reliable as possible.
Epidemiology
Study of diet and health patterns
nutritional epidemiology
The study of dietary exposures,
such as the intake of a certain
nutrient, food,
A relationship
between two factors where one
factor causes the second factor
to occur.
Causation
___ is when
scientific studies, a factor that
is related to both the outcome
being investigated (e.g., disease)
and a factor that might influence
outcome (e.g.dietary intake).
Confounding factor
Residual confounding meaning
ghost variable” that distorts your conclusions, even though you’ve tried your best to account for the known ones.
Treatment group defintion
Group of people in study who get real treatment
- group u are testing (diet, therapy, new medicine)
Control group meaning
Group of people who doesnt get treatment
Placebo meaning
Fake treatment to make it look like the real thing
Treatment vs power of belief
Randomization
Process of randomly putting people into either treatment or control group (equal chances)
Peer review system meaning
Before study gets published, other experts check it over
Single blind meaning
Participants dont know if theyre getting real treament or placebo, but researchers do
Double blind meaning
Participants + researchers dont know who is getting real treatment and who is getting placebo
Balance study meaning
Study that ensure both treatment and control group are similar (age, gender, etc)
Depletion - repletion study meaning
Study where researchers take away certain nutrient from persons diet - depletion
Adding it back - repletion
To see how it affects health
Prospective cohort study
Study where researchers follow a group of people (cohort) over time to see how factors (diet, exercise) affect health
