Ch. 5 Key Terms Flashcards
active transport
method of transporting material that requires energy
amphiphalic
a molecule that has a polar and nonpolar part allowing it to interact with hydrophobic and hydrophilic things “dual-loving”
aquaporin
channel protein that allows water through the membrane at a very high rate
antiporter
transporter that carries two ions or small molecules in different directions
carrier protein
membrane protein that moves a substance across the membrane by changing its shape
caveolin
protein that coats the membrane on the cytoplasmic side, stabilizes the membrane during potocytosis
channel protein
membrane protein that allows a substance to pass through its hollow core across the membrane
clathrin
protein coating the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and stabilizes it for phagocytosis
concentration gradient
area of high concentration to area of low concentration
diffusion
passive transport method of light molecules according to concentration gradient
electrochemical gradient
a combined electrical and chemical force that produces a gradient
electrogenic pump
pump that creates a charge imbalancee
endocytosis
type of active transport that moves substances, including fluids and particles into a cell
exocytosis
process of passing bulk material out of a cell
facilitated transport
process by which material moves down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) using integral membrane proteins
fluid mosaic model
describes the plasma membrane’s structure as a mosaic of components using phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, resulting in fluid character
glycolipid
combination of carbohydrates and lipids
glycoprotein
combination of carbohydrates and proteins
hydrophilic
molecule with the ability to bond with water “water loving”
hydrophobic
molecule that can’t bond with water, “water-hating”
hypertonic
when extracellular fluid has a higher osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, water moves out of the cell
hypotonic
when extracellular fluid has a lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, water moves inside the cell
integral proteins
protein integrates into the membrane that interacts a lot with the membrane lipids’ hydrocarbon chains and often spans the membrane
isotonic
when extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the outside of the cell, so no water movement occurs
osmolarity
total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution
osmosis
transportation of water through a semipermeable membrane according to the waters concentration gradient across that membrane that results from the presence of solute that cannot pass through the membrane
passive transport
method of transporting material through a membrane that does not require energy
peripheral protein
protein at the plasma membranes surface either on its exterior or interior side
pincocytosis
a variation of endocytosis that imports macromolecules that the cell needs from the extracellular fluid
plasmolysis
detaching the cell membrane from the cell wall and constricting the cell membrane when a plant cell is in a hypertonic solution
poctocytosis
variation of pinocytosis that uses a different coating protein (caveolin) on the plasma membranes cytoplasmic side
primary active transport
active transport that moves ions or small molecules across a membrane (and may cause a different in charge across that membrane)
pump
active transport mechanism that works against electrochemical gradients
receptor-mediated endocytosis
variation of endocytosis that involves using specific binding proteins in the plasma membrane for specific molecules/particles, and clathrin-coated pits that become clathrin-coated vesicles
secondary active transport
movement of material that results from primary active transport to the electrochemical gradient
selectively permeable
membrane characteristic that allows some substances through
solute
substance dissolved in a liquid to form a solution
symporter
transporter that carries two different ions/small molecules, both in the same direction
tonicity
amount of solute in a solution
transport protein
membrane protein that facilitates a substance’s passage across a membrane by binding to it
transporter
specific carrier protein or pumps that facilitate movement
uniporter
transporter that carries one specific ion or molecule
