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Bio 110 > Ch. 3 Additional Questions > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Additional Questions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four major biological macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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2
Q

What is released during a dehydration synthesis reaction?

A

A water molecule.

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3
Q

How are dehydration and hydrolysis sped up?

A

Enzymes.

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4
Q

What is the suffix that indicates an enzyme?

A

“-ase”

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5
Q

What is the suffix that indicates a carbohydrate?

A

“-ose”

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6
Q

True or false: specific enzymes exist for each macromolecule.

A

True.

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7
Q

What are the three subtypes of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides.

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8
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate.

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9
Q

What do catabolic reactions do?

A

They break down large molecules into smaller molecule and release energy in the chemical bonds.

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10
Q

What do anabolic reactions do?

A

They build complex molecules from smaller ones using energy.

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11
Q

What process drives catabolic and anabolic reactions?

A

Dehydration synthesis.

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12
Q

What is denaturation?

A

The process of a protein unfolding and losing its function.

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13
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20.

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14
Q

What is the major component of cell membranes?

A

A phospholipid bilayer.

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15
Q

What defines an organic compound?

A

A carbon backbone.

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16
Q

Monomers of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides.

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17
Q

Monomers of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides.

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18
Q

Monomers of lipids?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids.

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19
Q

Monomers of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides.

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20
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

A nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.

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21
Q

What is chromatin made of?

A

DNA and histone proteins.

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22
Q

What is the role of histone?

A

Histone provides structural support for chromosomes and wraps DNA around itself.

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23
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, Ribosomal RNA.

24
Q

Which RNA transcribes and which translates?

A

Messenger RNA transcribes, Transfer RNA translates.

25
Q

What is the role of rRNA?

A

Assists with protein synthesis.

26
Q

What parts of the nucleotides make of the two backbones of DNA?

A

The sugar and phosphate groups.

27
Q

What is the role of the nitrogenous base of a nucleotide in DNA?

A

They stack in the interior of the backbone.

28
Q

What direction to the two backbones of DNA go in?

A

They go in opposite directions, they have an antiparallel orientation.

29
Q

What are the base pairs in DNA?

A

Adenine hydrogen bonds with Thymine.
Guanine hydrogen bonds with cytosine.

30
Q

Does DNA have uracil or thymine?

A

Thymine.

31
Q

Does RNA have thymine or uracil?

A

Uracil.

32
Q

What are the four major types of lipids?

A

Fats/oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.

33
Q

Difference between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids?

A

In a saturated fatty acids, all carbons have a single bond. In an unsaturated fatty acid, there is at least one double bond.

34
Q

What is the role of fat in storing energy?

A

Fats pack together tightly in one space and so store a lot of energy.

35
Q

What comprises a phospholipid?

A

A phosphate head and two fatty acid tails connected through a glycerol.

36
Q

What is the basic structure of a steroid?

A

Four fused carbon rings, often with a tail.

37
Q

Why are steroids considered lipids?

A

They are hydrophobic and insoluble in water.

38
Q

What is an ester linkage?

A

A link formed between the oxygen in a glycerol and the hydroxyl group of fatty acids.

39
Q

What comprises a triacylglycerol?

A

Three fatty acids connected to a glycerol.

40
Q

Function of DNA vs RNA?

A

DNA carries genetic information, RNA is involved in protein synthesis.

41
Q

What is the central dogma of biology?

A

DNA can make copies of itself, DNA can be transcribed into RNA, and RNA can be translated into protein.

42
Q

What are the most abundant organic molecules?

A

Proteins.

43
Q

What are some functions of proteins?

A

Regulation, structural support, protection, transport, enzymes, toxins, building muscle, antibodies.

44
Q

What are the three types of enzymes?

A

Catabolic, anabolic, and catalytic.

45
Q

Common types of proteins?

A

Digestive enzymes, transport proteins, structural proteins, hormones, defensive proteins, storage proteins.

46
Q

What is the fundamental structure of an amino acid?

A

Amino group (NH2), central carbon, hydrogen, side chain(r group), carboxyl group (-COOH).

47
Q

How are amino acids difference from eachother?

A

Their R groups.

48
Q

How do amino acids bond together?

A

Peptide bond formation- a carboxyl group of one amino acid links to the amino acid of another.

49
Q

What determines a proteins function?

A

It’s shape.

50
Q

What are the four structural levels of a protein?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

51
Q

In which level of proteins are alpha and beta pleated sheets?

A

Secondary.

52
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

.

A

The breakdown of polymers into monomers.

53
Q

A nucleotide of DNA contains…

A

Ribose, thymine, and a phosphate group.

54
Q

How does the double helix structure of DNA support its role in encoding the genome?

A

The sugar-phosphate backbone provides a template for DNA replication.

55
Q

Examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, galactose, lactose.

56
Q

What are the structural differences between RNA and DNA?

A

DNA is double stranded, RNA is single. RNA also has uracil instead of thymine.

Bio 110 (15 decks)

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