Ch. 3 Additional Questions Flashcards
What are the four major biological macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
What is released during a dehydration synthesis reaction?
A water molecule.
How are dehydration and hydrolysis sped up?
Enzymes.
What is the suffix that indicates an enzyme?
“-ase”
What is the suffix that indicates a carbohydrate?
“-ose”
True or false: specific enzymes exist for each macromolecule.
True.
What are the three subtypes of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides.
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate.
What do catabolic reactions do?
They break down large molecules into smaller molecule and release energy in the chemical bonds.
What do anabolic reactions do?
They build complex molecules from smaller ones using energy.
What process drives catabolic and anabolic reactions?
Dehydration synthesis.
What is denaturation?
The process of a protein unfolding and losing its function.
How many different amino acids are there?
20.
What is the major component of cell membranes?
A phospholipid bilayer.
What defines an organic compound?
A carbon backbone.
Monomers of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides.
Monomers of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides.
Monomers of lipids?
Glycerol and fatty acids.
Monomers of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides.
What are nucleotides made of?
A nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.
What is chromatin made of?
DNA and histone proteins.
What is the role of histone?
Histone provides structural support for chromosomes and wraps DNA around itself.
What are the three types of RNA?
Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, Ribosomal RNA.
Which RNA transcribes and which translates?
Messenger RNA transcribes, Transfer RNA translates.
What is the role of rRNA?
Assists with protein synthesis.
What parts of the nucleotides make of the two backbones of DNA?
The sugar and phosphate groups.
What is the role of the nitrogenous base of a nucleotide in DNA?
They stack in the interior of the backbone.
What direction to the two backbones of DNA go in?
They go in opposite directions, they have an antiparallel orientation.
What are the base pairs in DNA?
Adenine hydrogen bonds with Thymine.
Guanine hydrogen bonds with cytosine.
Does DNA have uracil or thymine?
Thymine.
Does RNA have thymine or uracil?
Uracil.
What are the four major types of lipids?
Fats/oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
Difference between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids?
In a saturated fatty acids, all carbons have a single bond. In an unsaturated fatty acid, there is at least one double bond.
What is the role of fat in storing energy?
Fats pack together tightly in one space and so store a lot of energy.
What comprises a phospholipid?
A phosphate head and two fatty acid tails connected through a glycerol.
What is the basic structure of a steroid?
Four fused carbon rings, often with a tail.
Why are steroids considered lipids?
They are hydrophobic and insoluble in water.
What is an ester linkage?
A link formed between the oxygen in a glycerol and the hydroxyl group of fatty acids.
What comprises a triacylglycerol?
Three fatty acids connected to a glycerol.
Function of DNA vs RNA?
DNA carries genetic information, RNA is involved in protein synthesis.
What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA can make copies of itself, DNA can be transcribed into RNA, and RNA can be translated into protein.
What are the most abundant organic molecules?
Proteins.
What are some functions of proteins?
Regulation, structural support, protection, transport, enzymes, toxins, building muscle, antibodies.
What are the three types of enzymes?
Catabolic, anabolic, and catalytic.
Common types of proteins?
Digestive enzymes, transport proteins, structural proteins, hormones, defensive proteins, storage proteins.
What is the fundamental structure of an amino acid?
Amino group (NH2), central carbon, hydrogen, side chain(r group), carboxyl group (-COOH).
How are amino acids difference from eachother?
Their R groups.
How do amino acids bond together?
Peptide bond formation- a carboxyl group of one amino acid links to the amino acid of another.
What determines a proteins function?
It’s shape.
What are the four structural levels of a protein?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
In which level of proteins are alpha and beta pleated sheets?
Secondary.
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
.
The breakdown of polymers into monomers.
A nucleotide of DNA contains…
Ribose, thymine, and a phosphate group.
How does the double helix structure of DNA support its role in encoding the genome?
The sugar-phosphate backbone provides a template for DNA replication.
Examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose, galactose, lactose.
What are the structural differences between RNA and DNA?
DNA is double stranded, RNA is single. RNA also has uracil instead of thymine.
