Ch. 4 Organelles Flashcards
mostly organelles
cell wall
cell covering the protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell
central vacuole
large plant cell organelle that stores molecules, holds water, and plays a role in cell growth
centrosome
region in animal cells made of two centrioles that serves as an organizing center for microtulules
chlorophyll
green pigment that captures light energy that drives light reactions of photosynthesis
chloroplast
plant cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis
chromatin
protein-DNA complex that serves as the chromosome’s building material
chromosome
structure within the nucleus that comprises chromatin that contains DNA
cilium
short, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane for movement
cytoplasm
entire region between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended in cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals
cytoskeleton
protein fiber network that maintains the cells shape, secures organelles, and allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, also allows unicellular organisms to move independently
cytosol
the gel-like material in cytoplasm
desmosome
linkages between epithelial cells that forms when cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments
endomembrane system
group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together modifying, packaging, and transporting lipids and proteins. Includes the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes, and plasma membrane
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
series of interconnected membranous structures within eukaryotic cells that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids
eukaryotic cell
cell that has a membrane bound nucleus and several other membrane bound organelles
extracellular matrix
material secreted from animal or fungal cells that provides mechanical protection and anchoring for the cells in the tissue
flagellum
long hair like structures that extend from the plasma membrane for movement of the cell
gap junction
channel between two adjacent animal cells that allow things to pass between cells and for the cells to communicate
Golgi apparatus
eukaryotic organelle made of a series of stacked membranes that sort, tag, and package lipids and proteins
intermediate filament
part of the cytoskeleton comprised of several strands of intertwined proteins that bears tension, supports junctions, and anchors cells
lysosome
organelle in an animal cell that acts as its digestive component by breaking down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and worn-out organelles
microfilament
the most narrow part of the cytoskeleton that provides rigidity and shape and movement for the cell
microtubule
the widest part of the cytoskeleton- helps resist compression, provides a track for vesicles to move across, pulls replicated chromosomes apart during division, and the structural element of centrioles, flagella, and cilia
mitochondria
responsible for carrying out cellular respiration to create ATP
nuclear envelope
double-membrane structure that constitutes the nucleus’ outermost position
nucleoid
central part of a prokaryotic cell in the nucleus where the chromosome is located
nucleoplasm
semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus that contains the chromatin and nucleolus
nucleus
contains the cell’s DNA and directs ribosome and protein synthesis
organelle
compartment or sac within a cell
peroxisome
small and round organelle that carries hydrogen peroxide, oxidizes fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies many poisons
plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins, separates the cells internal content from its environment
plasmodesma
plant cell channel that allows things to pass through
prokaryote
unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
ribosome
cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
region of the ER that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification and phospholipid synthesis
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
region of the ER with few or no ribosomes, synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroids; also detoxifies certain chemicals and stores calcium ions
tight junction
protein adherence that creates a firm seal between two adjacent animal cells
vacuole
membrane-bound sac, larger than a vesicle, which functions in cellular storage and transort
vesicle
small-membrane-bound sac that functions in cellular storage and transport; capable of fusing with plasma membrane, ER, and gogi apparatus
