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Bio 110 > Ch. 2 Key Terms > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Key Terms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleus

A

core of an atom containing protons and neutrons

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1
Q

Proton

A

positively charged particle that has mass of 1 amu and a charge of +1

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2
Q

Neutron

A

uncharged particle that has mass of 1 amu

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3
Q

Electron

A

negatively charged subatomic particle that resides outside the nucleus in the electron orbital, lacks functional mass and has a negative charge of -1

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4
Q

Atomic Number

A

number of protons in an atom

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5
Q

Mass Number

A

total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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6
Q

Atomic Mass

A

calculated mean of the mass number for an element’s isotopes

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7
Q

Isotope

A

one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons

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8
Q

Radioisotopes

A

isotope that emits radiation composed of subatomic particles to form more stable elements

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9
Q

Periodic Table

A

organizational chart of elements indicating each element’s atomic number and mass, also provides key information about the elements properties

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10
Q

Chemical Reactivity

A

elements’ ability to combine and chemically bond with one another

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11
Q

Orbital

A

region surrounding the nucleus that contains electrons

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12
Q

Octet Rule

A

states that atoms are most stable when they hole eight electrons in their outermost shells

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13
Q

Valence Shell

A

outermost shell of an atom

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14
Q

Inert or Noble Gas

A

element with a filled valence shell that is unreactive with other atoms

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15
Q

Chemical Bond

A

interaction between two or more atoms that results in forming molecules

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16
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

process leading to rearranging atoms in molecules

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17
Q

Reactant

A

molecule that takes part in a chemical reaction

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18
Q

Product

A

molecule that is the result of a chemical reaction

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19
Q

Balanced Chemical Equation

A

when both sides of a chemical reaction have equal numbers of atoms

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20
Q

Compound

A

substance with at least two different elements

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21
Q

Irreversible Chemical Reaction

A

unidirectional chemical reaction

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22
Q

Reversible Chemical Reaction

A

bidirectional chemical reaction

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23
Q

Cation

A

positive ion formed when an atom loses electron

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24
Q

Anion

A

negative ion formed when an atom gains electron

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25
Q

Electron Transfer

A

movement of electrons from one element to another

26
Q

Ionic Bond

A

chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges transferring electrons

27
Q

Covalent Bond

A

type of strong chemical bond between same or different elements sharing electrons

28
Q

Electrolyte

A

ion necessary for vital functions in the body

29
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

type of covalent bond that forms when atoms share electrons unequally, resulting in oppositely charged regions of a molecule

30
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

type of covalent bond that forms when atoms share electrons equally

31
Q

Electronegativity

A

the ability of some elements to attract electrons and acquire partial negative charges

32
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

weak bond between slightly charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules

33
Q

Van der waals interactions

A

very weak interaction between molecules due to temporary charged attracting atoms that are very close together

34
Q

Hydrophobic

A

quality of ions or polar molecules interacting well with other polar molecules

35
Q

Hydrophilic

A

quality of uncharged nonpolar molecules that do not interact well with polar polecules

36
Q

Specific Heat Capacity

A

the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius

37
Q

Calorie

A

amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celsius

38
Q

Heat of Vaporization

A

high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor

39
Q

Evaporation

A

change from liquid to gaseous state at a body of waters surface, plant leaves, or an organisms skin

40
Q

Solvent

A

substance capable of dissolving another substance

41
Q

Sphere of Hydration

A

when a polar molecule surrounds charged or polar molecule that keeps them dissolved in a solution

42
Q

Dissociation

A

process of atoms breaking off of molecules and forming ions

43
Q

Cohesion

A

the tendency for water to stick to itself

44
Q

Adhesion

A

the tendency for water to stick to other things

45
Q

Surface Tension

A

tension at the surface of water that prevents molecules from separating created by cohesive forces in water

46
Q

Capillary Action

A

the movement of water through a narrow space due to adhesion

47
Q

Acid

A

molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

48
Q

Base

A

molecule that donates hydroxide ions or binds excess hydrogen ions to decrease their concentration in a solution

49
Q

pH Scale

A

the measurement of how acidic or basic water is ranging from 0-14

50
Q

Buffer

A

a substance that resists change in pH by absorbing excess hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions

51
Q

Organic Molecule

A

any molecule containing carbon (except carbon dioxide)

52
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

organic molecule consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen

53
Q

Aliphatic Hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atoms

54
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds

55
Q

Isomer

A

molecule that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their atoms and chemical bonds

56
Q

Structural Isomer

A

isomers that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their chemical bonds

57
Q

Geometric Isomers

A

isomers with similar bonding patterns that differ in the placement of atoms alongside a double covalent bond

58
Q

Cis Configuration

A

when the carbons are bound on the same side of a double bond in a geometric isomer (resulting in a bend of the carbon backbone)

59
Q

Trans Configuration

A

when the carbons are bound on the opposite side of a double bond in a geometric isomer (resulting in a more linear carbon backbone)

60
Q

Enantiomers

A

molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns but differ in how the atoms are placed three-dimensionally so that they are mirror images of each other

61
Q

Functional Groups

A

group of atoms that provides a specific function to a carbon skeleton

62
Q

Substituted Hydrocarbons

A

molecules with other elements in their carbon backbone

63
Q

Seven Functional Groups

A

hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, sulfhydryl

Bio 110 (15 decks)

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