Ch 4 Social Cognition

Question 1

social cognition

Answer 1

a term that refers to all the processes of perception, interpretation, belief, and memory with which we evaluate and understand ourselves and other people

Question 2

stereotypes

Answer 2

supply us with preconceptions about what are people like

Question 3

primacy effect

Answer 3

a tendency for the first information we receive about others to carry special weight, along with our instant impressions and stereotypes, in shaping our overall impressions of them

Question 4

confirmation bias

Answer 4

seeking information that will prove you right more often than looking for examples that would prove you wrong

Question 5

overconfident

Answer 5

thinking we are more accurate than we really are and making more mistakes than we realize

Question 6

positive illusions

Answer 6

portraying your partner in the best possible light

Question 7

Attributions

Answer 7

the explanation we generate for why things happen - and in particular why a person did or did not do something

identifies the causes of an event, emphasizing the impact of some influences and minimizing the role of others

Question 8

actor/observer effects

Answer 8

they generate different explanations for their own behavior than they do for the similar things they see their partners do

they acknowledge external pressures when they explain their own actions, but they make internal attributions (for instance, to others’ personalities) when other people behave exactly the same way.

Question 9

self-serving biases

Answer 9

when they readily take credit for their successes but try to avoid the blame for their failures

Question 10

reconstructive memory

Answer 10

where our memories are continually revised and rewritten as new information is obtained

Question 11

marital paradigms

Answer 11

broad assumptions about whether, when and under what circumstances we should marry that are accompanied by beliefs about what its like to be married

Question 12

romanticism

Answer 12

the view that love should be the most important basis for choosing a mate

Question 13

dysfunctional beliefs about relationships

Answer 13

disagreements are destructive

mindreading is essential

partners cannot change

sex should be perfect every time

men and women are different

great relationships just happen

Question 14

destiny beliefs

Answer 14

assume that two people are either well suited for each other and destined to live happily ever after or not.

Question 15

growth beliefs

Answer 15

good relationships are believed to develop gradually as the partners work at surmounting challenges and overcoming obstacles, and a basic presumption is that with enough effort, almost any relationship can succeed

Question 16

self-fulfilling prophecies

Answer 16

false predictions that become true because they lead people to behave in ways that make the erroneous expectations come true

Question 17

self concepts

Answer 17

encompass all of the beliefs and feelings we have about ourselves

include a wide array of self knowledge along with our self esteem

intimately tied to our relationship with others

Question 18

self enhancement

Answer 18

the desire for positive, complimentary feedback

Question 19

self verification

Answer 19

the desire for feedback that is consistent with one’s existing self concept

Question 20

Impression management

Answer 20

trying to influence the impressions of us that others form.

Question 21

why do we engage in Impression management?

Answer 21

we try to purposefully do things in public that we normally wouldn’t do to change the way people think of us (eating less on a date)

to represent ourselves in a certain way online

Question 22

what is the most common impression management?

Answer 22

revealing one’s real attributes to others

Question 23

Ingratiation

Answer 23

when we seek acceptance and liking from others; we do favors, pay compliments, mention areas of agreement, and are generally charm-ing to get others to like us.

common in romantic partners

Question 24

self promotion

Answer 24

recounting our accomplishments or strategically arranging public demonstrations of our skills.

common in workplace

Question 25

intimidation

Answer 25

people portray themselves as ruthless, dangerous, and menacing so that others will do their bidding

Question 26

supplication

Answer 26

people sometimes present themselves as inept or infirm to avoid obligations and to elicit help and support from others. ex - too tired for the dishes

Question 27

High self-monitors

Answer 27

pay close attention to social norms and adeptly adjust their behavior to fit.

good at small talk.

enjoy higher intimacy when a new relationship begins.

They have a wider circle of more diverse friends

They invest less of their time in each one of their relationships.

They tend to have shorter, less committed relationships

Question 28

Low self-monitors

Answer 28

are less flexible, and they make more similar impressions from one audience to the next

Question 29

Knowledge

Answer 29

intimate partners have detailed knowledge about each other and they do come to understand each other better as their relationship develops

Question 30

Motivation

Answer 30

long periods of close contact gradually result in less accurate judgments if motivation to understand each other wanes. Accurate judgements depend in part on the interest and motivation with which two people try to understand each other

Question 31

Partner legibility

Answer 31

some people are easier to read than others.

Extraversion is easy to detect, but neuroticism is not

Question 32

emotional intelligence

Answer 32

a set of abilities that describes a person’s talents in perceiving, using, understanding, and managing emotions

Question 33

Perceiver ability

Answer 33

some judges are more discerning than others. People who are high in emotional intelligence read others feelings sensitively and they enjoy more satisfying and more intimate interactions with others as a result.

Question 34

Threatening perceptions

Answer 34

there may be things we do not want to know when it comes to distressing or ominous behaviors. so they have inaccurate perceptions to fend off doubts about relationship

Question 35

Perceiver influence

Answer 35

if we realize that our partners are not the people we wish they were, we may try to change them. Judgements that are initially accurate may become more correct as we induce our partners to become the people we want them to be