CH 4 SG Flashcards
Brain development in the first two years of life
RAPID NEURAL GROWTH
•TRANSIENT EXUBERANCE
•RAPID INCREASE IN DENDRITES IN BRAIN
Cephalo-caudel growth patterns
(HEAD TO TOE) physical and motoric development follows a head-to-toe progression
Reflexes
•INVOLUNTARY RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS
•NEWBORNS—3 SETS OF PROTECTIVE movements
Joint attention
when two people focus on the same object or action at the same time
Piaget’s sensorimotor stage
EXPERIENCE WORLD THRU SENSES & MOTOR SKILLS
INTERACTION BETWEEN BABY AND ENVIRONMENT
•ATTEMPT TO PRODUCE EXPERIENCES
•SHAKE RATTLE
•HAVE GOALS
•FUSS OR POINT
Child-directed speech
facilitates language acquisition by capturing children’s attention and making language input more engaging
Emotions expressed in the first 6 months
DEMONSTRATE A WIDE RANGE OF EMOTIONS
•NATURE & NURTURE
(happiness, sadness, surprise, and fear)
Stranger wariness
FEAR OF UNFAMILIAR PEOPLE
•MEMORY PLAYS A ROLE
Self-conscious emotions
•PRIDE
•SHAME
•EMBARASSMENT
•GUILT
•BY AGE 2 MOST CHILDREN DISPLAY ENTIRE RANGE OF EMOTIONS
Self-awareness
•REALIZATION THEY ARE DISTINCT INDIVIDUALS
•SENSE OF ME AND MINE
•DEPEND PARTLY ON MEMORY
•EMERGE FROM FAMILY INTERACTIONS
•DEVELOPS AFTER FIRST YEAR
Concept of temperament
they tend to react to and interact with their environment, including their emotional intensity, activity level, and adaptability to new situations
Social referencing
the process wherein infants use the affective displays of an adult to regulate their behaviors toward environmental objects, persons, and situations
Attachment and the four types of attachment styles
the emotional bond a child forms with their primary caregiver
LASTING EMOTIONAL BOND
•BEGINS AT BIRTH
•MOST EVIDENT BEGINNING AT AGE 1
•INFLUENCES RELATIONSHIPS
Harlow’s contact comfort
the idea that infants have a primary need for physical closeness and tactile stimulation from their caregivers
Fathers as caregivers
( fathers can be nurturing too) increasingly recognized role of fathers in actively providing emotional and physical care to their children/challenging traditional gender roles
MYELINATION
•MYELIN SHEATH DEVELOPS RAPIDLY DURING 1ST 2 YRS.
•HELPS PROTECT
•SPEEDS UP NEURAL MESSAGE
PRUNING
•Unused dendrites die allowing space between neurons
•allows more synapses and thus more complex thinking
STIMULATION
•PLASTICITY
•DEGREE BRAIN IS MODIFIED BY EXPERIENCE
•GREATEST FIRST FEW YEARS
synaptic blooming
a period of rapid neural growth during early childhood, where a large number of connections between neurons (synapses) are formed
sensorimotor key themes
learning about the world through sensory experiences and physical actions
object permanence
the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it is not directly visible or perceived
infant-directed (ID) speech
the particular form of spontaneous language observed in interactions between parents and their infants
Bayley Scales
a useful tool for detecting early developmental delay in clinical and research settings
Proximo-distal growth patterns
the developmental principle that growth and motor skill acquisition progresses from the center of the body outward to the extremities
BODY
•GROWTH IS RAPID
•BIRTH WEIGHT TRIPLES BY FIRST YEAR
OTHER REFLEXES
•MORO
•GRASPING
•STEPPING
•BABINSKI
Motor skills
•MOVEMENT ABILITY
•NATURE & NURTURE
•REFLEXES & CAREGIVING
Three interacting elements underlying motor skills
•Muscle strength
•Brain maturation
•Practice
HEARING
•MOST DEVELOPED OF INFANT SENSES
•DEVELOPS DURING LAST TRIMESTER
•FINE-TUNED AFTER BIRTH
•ALL RANGES
•SOUND LOCALIZATION
VISION
•LEAST DEVELOPED
•NEWBORNS ARE LEGALLY BLIND
•IMPROVES RAPIDLY AFTER BIRTH
•RAPID BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
By 4 months color perception–similar to adults (VISUAL EXPERIENCE LEADS TO ABILITY TO FOCUS & COORDINATING EYES (BINOCULAR VISION 2-4 MONTHS))
VISUAL PREFERENCES
•PATTERNS
•CURVED OVER STRAIGHT LINES
•FACES TO PARTS OF FACES
•COMPLEX DESIGNS VS. SIMPLE ONES
•Moving vs. stationary
DEVELOPMENT OF DEPTH PERCEPTION
•HELPS BABIES ACKNOWLEDGE HEIGHTS & AVOID FALLS
•VISUAL CLIFF
TASTE
•FUNCTION AT BIRTH
•PREFERENCE FOR SWEET
SMELL
•FUNCTIONS AT BIRTH
•RAPIDLY DETECT MOM’S SCENT
•PREFERENCES
•VANILLA & STRAWBERRIES NOT ROTTON EGGS
TOUCH
•WELL DEVELOPED IN INFANTS
•ALLOWS THEM TO BE COMFORTED
Piaget and Cognitive Development
•Among the first to propose that infants have cognitive abilities
Assimilation
using existing knowledge and ideas to understand new information and experiences
Language development
the process where babies gradually acquire the ability to understand and produce language (babbling or cooing)
Separation anxiety
CLINGING &/or CRYING WHEN A FAMILIAR CAREGIVER IS ABOUT TO LEAVE
•NORMAL AGE 1
•INTENSIFIES BY AGE 2 & THEN DIMINISHES
Tests of self-awareness
red coloring on the infant’s nose and put in front of a mirror. The infant touches the mirror (no self-awareness) they touch the red mark on their nose this indicates comprehension
secure attachment
a healthy emotional bond between a baby and their primary caregiver
anxious (ambivalent) attachment
often too anxious to do anything alone and may constantly ask for help
avoidant attachment
most likely to form when a caregiver doesn’t provide a baby with sufficient emotional support
disorganized attachment
babies had more erratic or incoherent reactions to their parent leaving or returning
Accommodation
a restructuring of old ideas to make a place for new information
- MAINTAIN OXYGEN SUPPLY
•BREATHING, HICCUPS, & SNEEZES
- Maintain a constant body temperature
•Cold—shiver & tuck legs
•Hot—try & push away blankets
- Manage feeding
•Sucking, rooting, swallowing, spitting up
