Ch 4 Physiology Flashcards by Antoneo Maurece

What is physiology?

Study of the functions and parts of a living organism

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What 2 major physical fitness assessment studies in 2013 did the army conduct?

Direct Ground Combat Assignement Rule (DGCAR)

Baseline physical readiness test

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What were the findings of USARIEM

Muscular strength and power drive 60 percent of the variability in physical demands

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USARIEM

United States Army research institute of environmental medicine

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USARIEM identified what five domains of physical fitness?

Muscular strength
Muscular endurance
Aerobic endurance
Explosive power
Anaerobic endurance

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The APFT cover what 2 of the five domains?

Aerobic endurance
Muscular endurance

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What validated the six event ACFT?

1000 soldiers conducting WTBD simulations

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Energy to remove the skeleton derives from what?

Chemical and biological reactions

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Lungs

Respiratory system

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Heart, blood vessels, blood

Cardiovascular system

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Nerve and muscle system

Neuromuscular system

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Nerve and hormone system

Neuroendocrine system

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What 3 pathways is energy produced?

Phosphagen
Glycolytic
Oxidative phosphorylation

Converts calories in energy

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Energy produced in chemical form is called what?

Adenosine triphosphate

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What is adenosine triphosphate

Large molecule comprised of adenosine and 3 phosphate groups

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What molecules provide energy for 5-10 sec high intensity or high power activities

Phosphagen pathway-2 molecules

Adenosine triphosphate
Phospcreatine

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What’s an example of high intensity or high power exercises

3-5 sec sprints
Seated power throw
Maximum repetition lifts

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Rest intervals between high intensity or high power exercises should be how long?

2-5 minutes to support molecule restoration

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What pathway is the predominant source of energy for high intensity exercise lasting up to 90 secs?

Glycolytic pathway

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Glucose

Sugar

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Glycolytic pathway

Breaks down glucose in the blood and glycogen stored in muscle cells

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Glycogen

Sugar deposits

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Pyruvate

Is a component in the release of stored energy

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Lactate

A source of stored energy that can be converted back into glucose or glycogen during exercise

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How do you overload the Glycolytic pathway and create higher lactate

Multiple sets Heavy lifts Climbing drills Strength training circuits Sprint intervals

How do you get precise measurements of lactate threshold

Exercise stress test in lab

Oxidative phosphorylation

Predominant source of energy for low-intensity, sustained exercise lasting for more than 3 minutes

Which energy pathway supports aerobic performance

Oxidative phosphorylation

Beta oxidation

Process for fat metabolism

What are some examples of low intensity training

Foot marches Release runs Ability group runs Increases aerobic endurance

What types of training encourages the metabolism of fat for fuel?

Foot marches Release runs Ability group runs

What is the rest period for low intensity intervals?

5-10 secs

What is the body’s main fuel source

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates break down into ________ and is stored as _________

Glucose Glycogen

How many kcal does glycogen stores supply

3000

Soldiers burn how many grams of glycogen per minute

1-3

During exercise how long will it take for glycogen to run out

1-1.5 hours

When glycogen stores are depleted condition is sometimes called what?

Hitting the wall

Another word for VO2 max

Maximal oxygen consumption

VO2 max

Highest amount of oxygen that can be used during maximal aerobic effort

How is VO2 max measured

As volume (V) in millimeters of oxygen (O2) consumed per kilogram of body weight per minute (mL/kg/min)

Recruit who scores black on OPAT has a predicted VO2 max of what?

33 mL/kg/min

Strength training typically results in little or no change in VO2 max unless what?

Longer sessions of circuit -type strength training with shorter rest intervals between exercises

Anatomy

Refers to the physical structure of the body

How many bones are there on the body?

206

What 2 things does the human skeleton do

1. Form a chassis for muscles to attach to 2. Enclosures to protect vital structure; brain, heart, and spinal cord

Bones store minerals such as….

Calcium Phosphorus

What is the outer harder surface of the bone?

Cortex

Strong and stiff tissue is lined by a fibrous layer around the bone is called?

Periosteum

Periosteum does what?

Conveys blood vessels and nerves to the bone and signals pain when bumped and irratated

The softer inner tissue of the bone is?

Marrow

What does bone marrow do?

Generates red and white blood cells and patelets

Two bones meet to form a moveable joint in the body…contact surface of the bone is covered in what?

Cartilage

What is cartilage made of?

Made of cells that produce collagen

What is the purpose of cartilage?

Cushion bones bearing weight joints like the hip, knee, ankle…allow bones to move more smoothly against each other

Cartilage repairs we’ll once damaged true false

False

Damaged cartilage can lead to what

Arthritis

Pain and inflammation in the joint

Arthritis

Bones are living tissues true or false

True

Osteoblasts

Lay down new tissue to strengthen the bone

Osteoclasts

Reabsorb bone tissue

What causes bone stress injury

Poor nutrition and excessive physical training

Bone stress injury happens mostly in

Metatarsal Tibia Femur Ilium(pelvic bones)

When muscles contract

Pull on bones and cause movement around joints

Torque

Resulting force after a muscle contraction

A muscle cell/fiber is a relatively long, cylindrical microscopic structure true or false

Trust

Muscle fascicles

Muscle fibers that are packed together in progressively larger groups that form muscle

Small movements hands and fingers

Fine motor skills

The function of the muscle will be driven by what?

Fiber type

What are the 3 types muscle fibers

Type I Type IIa Type IIx

Type I muscle fiber

Muscle contractions during slow low intensity endurance efforts

Mitochondria

Parts of the cell that assist with energy production

Capillaries

Blood vessels

Type IIa muscle fiber

Moderate intensity effort one mile runs

Type 1 mucle fibers know as

Slow oxidative fibers

Type IIa fibers also known as

Fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG)

Type IIa fibers used to

Build muscle size, strength, moderate to moderate hard intensity RPE 8/10

Type IIx

Used for maximal insensity bouts of exercise RPE 10/10

Type IIx also known as

Fast glycolytic FG

One rep max equation

One rep max=(.033*repitions*weight lifted

Central nervous system

Brain and the spinal cord

Periphal nervous system

The nerves branching from the nervous system

Nervous system is responsible for

Movements, thoughts, emotions, sensation, Illness, health

Lobes

Form an integrated system supports all conscious and unconscious functions

Hemisphere

Right and left halves of the brain

How many loves are there and what are they?

6 Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Cerebellum Brain stem Temporal lobe

Frontal lobe

Contains the premotor cortex and motor cortex, speech production

Parietal lobe

Processe sensory information/discrimination, and body orientation

Occipital lobe

Processes signals for visual reception and interpretation

Cerebellum

Coordinates of voluntary movement to include straight line

Brain stem

Controls breathing digestion heart control alertness

Temporal lobe

Processes auditory reception, expressed behavior, receptive speech

At each level of the spine smaller bundles of nerve fibers split off to form?

Peripheral nerve system

Peripheral nerves split and reform into major nerves such as

Medial and radial nerve in the arms Sciatic and femoral nerves in the legs

Neuromuscular junction

Where the nerve ending meets the muscle, the connection or synapse

Neuroendcrine system

Coordinates response to exercise across multiple organs and hormone systems

Neuro part

Autonomic nervous syestem

Endocrine part

Collective name for glands that can release hormones into the bloodstream

Sympathetic nervous system

Fight or flight response

Cardio respiratory system

Heart, lungs, blood vessels Takes oxygen from small air sacs in the lungs and delivers it through the blood to the muscles so that they can perform work

Heart rate

Frequency of heart beats

Resting heart rate

70 beats per minute

Exercise heart rate

200 beats per minute

Stroke volume SV

Amount of blood pumped in liters per beat

Cardiac output Q

Liters of blood pumped per minute

Cardiac output Q equation

Q=heart rate (100 bpm) * SV (0.1 liters per beat)