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H2F 2-12 7-22 > Ch 4 Physiology > Flashcards

Ch 4 Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiology?

A

Study of the functions and parts of a living organism

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2
Q

What 2 major physical fitness assessment studies in 2013 did the army conduct?

A

Direct Ground Combat Assignement Rule (DGCAR)

Baseline physical readiness test

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3
Q

What were the findings of USARIEM

A

Muscular strength and power drive 60 percent of the variability in physical demands

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4
Q

USARIEM

A

United States Army research institute of environmental medicine

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5
Q

USARIEM identified what five domains of physical fitness?

A

Muscular strength
Muscular endurance
Aerobic endurance
Explosive power
Anaerobic endurance

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6
Q

The APFT cover what 2 of the five domains?

A

Aerobic endurance
Muscular endurance

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7
Q

What validated the six event ACFT?

A

1000 soldiers conducting WTBD simulations

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8
Q

Energy to remove the skeleton derives from what?

A

Chemical and biological reactions

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9
Q

Lungs

A

Respiratory system

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10
Q

Heart, blood vessels, blood

A

Cardiovascular system

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11
Q

Nerve and muscle system

A

Neuromuscular system

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12
Q

Nerve and hormone system

A

Neuroendocrine system

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13
Q

What 3 pathways is energy produced?

A

Phosphagen
Glycolytic
Oxidative phosphorylation

Converts calories in energy

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14
Q

Energy produced in chemical form is called what?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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15
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate

A

Large molecule comprised of adenosine and 3 phosphate groups

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16
Q

What molecules provide energy for 5-10 sec high intensity or high power activities

A

Phosphagen pathway-2 molecules

Adenosine triphosphate
Phospcreatine

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17
Q

What’s an example of high intensity or high power exercises

A

3-5 sec sprints
Seated power throw
Maximum repetition lifts

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18
Q

Rest intervals between high intensity or high power exercises should be how long?

A

2-5 minutes to support molecule restoration

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19
Q

What pathway is the predominant source of energy for high intensity exercise lasting up to 90 secs?

A

Glycolytic pathway

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20
Q

Glucose

A

Sugar

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21
Q

Glycolytic pathway

A

Breaks down glucose in the blood and glycogen stored in muscle cells

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22
Q

Glycogen

A

Sugar deposits

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23
Q

Pyruvate

A

Is a component in the release of stored energy

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24
Q

Lactate

A

A source of stored energy that can be converted back into glucose or glycogen during exercise

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25
Q

How do you overload the Glycolytic pathway and create higher lactate

A

Multiple sets
Heavy lifts
Climbing drills
Strength training circuits
Sprint intervals

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26
Q

How do you get precise measurements of lactate threshold

A

Exercise stress test in lab

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27
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Predominant source of energy for low-intensity, sustained exercise lasting for more than 3 minutes

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28
Q

Which energy pathway supports aerobic performance

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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29
Q

Beta oxidation

A

Process for fat metabolism

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30
Q

What are some examples of low intensity training

A

Foot marches
Release runs
Ability group runs

Increases aerobic endurance

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31
Q

What types of training encourages the metabolism of fat for fuel?

A

Foot marches
Release runs
Ability group runs

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32
Q

What is the rest period for low intensity intervals?

A

5-10 secs

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33
Q

What is the body’s main fuel source

A

Carbohydrates

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34
Q

Carbohydrates break down into ________ and is stored as _________

A

Glucose
Glycogen

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35
Q

How many kcal does glycogen stores supply

A

3000

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36
Q

Soldiers burn how many grams of glycogen per minute

A

1-3

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37
Q

During exercise how long will it take for glycogen to run out

A

1-1.5 hours

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38
Q

When glycogen stores are depleted condition is sometimes called what?

A

Hitting the wall

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39
Q

Another word for VO2 max

A

Maximal oxygen consumption

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40
Q

VO2 max

A

Highest amount of oxygen that can be used during maximal aerobic effort

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41
Q

How is VO2 max measured

A

As volume (V) in millimeters of oxygen (O2) consumed per kilogram of body weight per minute (mL/kg/min)

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42
Q

Recruit who scores black on OPAT has a predicted VO2 max of what?

A

33 mL/kg/min

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43
Q

Strength training typically results in little or no change in VO2 max unless what?

A

Longer sessions of circuit -type strength training with shorter rest intervals between exercises

44
Q

Anatomy

A

Refers to the physical structure of the body

45
Q

How many bones are there on the body?

A

206

46
Q

What 2 things does the human skeleton do

A
  1. Form a chassis for muscles to attach to
  2. Enclosures to protect vital structure; brain, heart, and spinal cord
47
Q

Bones store minerals such as….

A

Calcium
Phosphorus

48
Q

What is the outer harder surface of the bone?

A

Cortex

49
Q

Strong and stiff tissue is lined by a fibrous layer around the bone is called?

A

Periosteum

50
Q

Periosteum does what?

A

Conveys blood vessels and nerves to the bone and signals pain when bumped and irratated

51
Q

The softer inner tissue of the bone is?

A

Marrow

52
Q

What does bone marrow do?

A

Generates red and white blood cells and patelets

53
Q

Two bones meet to form a moveable joint in the body…contact surface of the bone is covered in what?

A

Cartilage

54
Q

What is cartilage made of?

A

Made of cells that produce collagen

55
Q

What is the purpose of cartilage?

A

Cushion bones bearing weight joints like the hip, knee, ankle…allow bones to move more smoothly against each other

56
Q

Cartilage repairs we’ll once damaged true false

A

False

57
Q

Damaged cartilage can lead to what

A

Arthritis

58
Q

Pain and inflammation in the joint

A

Arthritis

59
Q

Bones are living tissues true or false

A

True

60
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Lay down new tissue to strengthen the bone

61
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Reabsorb bone tissue

62
Q

What causes bone stress injury

A

Poor nutrition and excessive physical training

63
Q

Bone stress injury happens mostly in

A

Metatarsal
Tibia
Femur
Ilium(pelvic bones)

64
Q

When muscles contract

A

Pull on bones and cause movement around joints

65
Q

Torque

A

Resulting force after a muscle contraction

66
Q

A muscle cell/fiber is a relatively long, cylindrical microscopic structure true or false

A

Trust

67
Q

Muscle fascicles

A

Muscle fibers that are packed together in progressively larger groups that form muscle

68
Q

Small movements hands and fingers

A

Fine motor skills

69
Q

The function of the muscle will be driven by what?

A

Fiber type

70
Q

What are the 3 types muscle fibers

A

Type I
Type IIa
Type IIx

71
Q

Type I muscle fiber

A

Muscle contractions during slow low intensity endurance efforts

72
Q

Mitochondria

A

Parts of the cell that assist with energy production

73
Q

Capillaries

A

Blood vessels

74
Q

Type IIa muscle fiber

A

Moderate intensity effort one mile runs

75
Q

Type 1 mucle fibers know as

A

Slow oxidative fibers

76
Q

Type IIa fibers also known as

A

Fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG)

77
Q

Type IIa fibers used to

A

Build muscle size, strength, moderate to moderate hard intensity RPE 8/10

78
Q

Type IIx

A

Used for maximal insensity bouts of exercise RPE 10/10

79
Q

Type IIx also known as

A

Fast glycolytic FG

80
Q

One rep max equation

A

One rep max=(.033repitionsweight lifted

81
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and the spinal cord

82
Q

Periphal nervous system

A

The nerves branching from the nervous system

83
Q

Nervous system is responsible for

A

Movements, thoughts, emotions, sensation, Illness, health

84
Q

Lobes

A

Form an integrated system supports all conscious and unconscious functions

85
Q

Hemisphere

A

Right and left halves of the brain

86
Q

How many loves are there and what are they?

A

6
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Temporal lobe

87
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Contains the premotor cortex and motor cortex, speech production

88
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Processe sensory information/discrimination, and body orientation

89
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Processes signals for visual reception and interpretation

90
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates of voluntary movement to include straight line

91
Q

Brain stem

A

Controls breathing digestion heart control alertness

92
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Processes auditory reception, expressed behavior, receptive speech

93
Q

At each level of the spine smaller bundles of nerve fibers split off to form?

A

Peripheral nerve system

94
Q

Peripheral nerves split and reform into major nerves such as

A

Medial and radial nerve in the arms

Sciatic and femoral nerves in the legs

95
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Where the nerve ending meets the muscle, the connection or synapse

96
Q

Neuroendcrine system

A

Coordinates response to exercise across multiple organs and hormone systems

97
Q

Neuro part

A

Autonomic nervous syestem

98
Q

Endocrine part

A

Collective name for glands that can release hormones into the bloodstream

99
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight response

100
Q

Cardio respiratory system

A

Heart, lungs, blood vessels

Takes oxygen from small air sacs in the lungs and delivers it through the blood to the muscles so that they can perform work

101
Q

Heart rate

A

Frequency of heart beats

102
Q

Resting heart rate

A

70 beats per minute

103
Q

Exercise heart rate

A

200 beats per minute

104
Q

Stroke volume SV

A

Amount of blood pumped in liters per beat

105
Q

Cardiac output Q

A

Liters of blood pumped per minute

106
Q

Cardiac output Q equation

A

Q=heart rate (100 bpm) * SV (0.1 liters per beat)

H2F 2-12 7-22 (15 decks)

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