CH 4

Question 1

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

Answer 1

The difference between the crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) of a defined group of people. A high RNI can indicate rapid population growth…BUT because it does not take migration into accurate - it does not tell the WHOLE story of an areas growth or decline

Question 2

Doubling time (DT)

Answer 2

The number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate with DOUBLE

Question 3

Urbanization

Answer 3

The growth and development of cities

Question 4

Malthusian Theory

Answer 4

Population growth theory developed by Thomas Malthus - who lived and worked in England in the late 1700s - he proposed the rising life expectancy and lower death rate would result in the worlds population growing exponentially - while food and production would grow more arithmetic (constant) rate. He proposed this would contribute to a food shortage and famine by the late 1800s

Question 5

Exponential growth

Answer 5

Growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number in size

Question 6

Arithmetic growth

Answer 6

A pattern of growth that increases as a constant amount per unit time

Question 7

Overpopulation

Answer 7

Population that exceeds its sustainable size or carrying capacity

Question 8

Neo-Malthusians

Answer 8

Raises concerns about sustainable use of the planet, claiming that Earths resources can only support a finite population

Question 9

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Answer 9

A model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy

Question 10

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

Answer 10

Describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death. EMT is an independent model - incorporating cause of death patterns to explain population growth and decline - does NOT correspond to the stages in the DTM

Question 11

Antinatalist policies

Answer 11

Policies that discourage citizens from having children (contraceptive education, family planning support, financial incentives)
These government policies are a reaction to concerns about population growth exceeding resources. Goal - reduce risk of potential famine or disease due to overuse of natural resources and ensure there are sufficient schools, jobs, and services to support future population

Question 12

Protagonist policies

Answer 12

Policies that encourage child birth and aim to accelerate population growth (tax breaks and flexible work hours, incentives that make it cheaper to have children)
These government policies are enacted for the following reasons: address aging population concerns, concerns about future workforce meeting future economic needs as older workers retire

Question 13

Land degradation

Answer 13

Long-term damage to the soils ability to support life (example: soil exhaustion, deforestation)

Question 14

Soil exhaustion

Answer 14

Depletion of nutrients in soil that has been farmed too long or too intensively

Question 15

Deforestation

Answer 15

Clearing wood land for farming, homes, infrastructure

Question 16

Stage 1

Answer 16

Birth rates and death rates are HIGH; total o population is low. CBR factors: children required for farming, high infant and child mortality rates, lack of contraceptives and family planning. CDR factors: diseases (plagues) famines, poor medical knowledge. NO ENTIRE COUNTRY IS IN THIS STAGE this model is present in tribes with minimal contact with outside world - Amazon Basin Tribes

Question 17

DTM (DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL)

Answer 17

Represents the shifts in growth that the world’s populations have undergone - and are still experiencing - over time. Model is based on population trends related to birth and death rates, and each stage of the model is characterized by the relationship between these 2 factors.

Question 18

Stage 2

Answer 18

Birth rates = high death rates = falls (rapidly); population grows; RNI: rapid increase CBR factors: improvements in medical care, better sewage/sanitation/water supply, improved food supply and education EXAMPLE countries : Nigeria, Yemen, Afghanistan (periphery countries/LDC)

Question 19

Stage 3

Answer 19

Birth rates = falling death rates = falling (slowly); population grows (at slower rate); RNI: increase at slower rate than stage 2. CBR factors: falling infant mortality rate, laws against child labor, improved medical care and diet. CDR factors: continues improvements in medical care, better sewage/water supply/sanitation, improved food supply and education EXAMPLE countries: India, Brazil, (Semi-periphery countries, NICs)

Question 20

stage 4

Answer 20

Birth rate = low Death rate = constant Population growth is constant. RNI: stable or VERY slow increase CBR factors: education of women, materialism (people choose wealth over family) Waiting to have children later in life, later and fewer marriages, huge range of family planning options. CDR factors: medical advancements (heart surgery, transplants), better food supply., preventative medicine. EXAMPLE countries: U.S.

Question 21

Stage 5

Answer 21

Birth rate = low Death rate = low Population is decreasing. RNI: declining CBR factors: education in women, materialism (people choose wealth over family) Waiting to have children later in life, later and fewer marriages, huge range of family planning options. CDR factors: medical advancements (heart surgery, transplants), better food supply, preventative medicine EXAMPLE countries: Japan, Germany