Ch. 3 Recognizing/Identifying the Hazards Flashcards
Key differences between hazmat/WMD and other emergencies: (3)
Hazmat/WMD moves more slowly.
Actions dictated by chemicals/hazards involved.
Personnel conscious of law enforcement aspect.
At any hazardous material incident, your first ACTION should always be to:
Approach the scene from a safe location and direction. The traditional rules of staying uphill and upwind are a good place to start.
Fixed facilities that use/store significant amount of chemicals with have EH and S dept.
EH and S Environmental Health and Safety.
Industrial hygienists.
Chemists/chemical engineers.
Certified safety professionals
Another way to detect presence of hazmat is ______, although must be employed carefully to avoid ________. Senses typically safe are _______.
Use your senses.
Becoming contaminated/exposed.
Sight and Sound.
These should guide your initial and ongoing actions (3)
SOPs.
Level of training.
Information gathering efforts at the scene.
Clues seen or heard
Vapor cloud - move away.
Alarm from gas sensor - retreat
Vessel or receptacle that holds material
Container
Bomb, grenade or rocket propellant amount:
Missile charge:
More than 4 oz.
More than 1/4 oz. (7 grams)
Often bulk storage containers are surrounded by _______ to help control an accidental release.
Supplementary containment system
An engineered method to control spilled or released product if the main containment vessel fails
Secondary containment
can normally hold entire volume plus percentage of water flowed or certain amount of rain fall
Aboveground Storage Tanks (AST) and Underground Storage Tanks (UST) can hold _______ to _______ of product and usually made of aluminum, steel or plastic. Can be ______ or ______.
A few hundred gallons.
Several million gallons.
Pressurized or nonpressurized
Pressurized horizontal tanks have _____ ends and _____ or _____. Most common above ground pressurized tanks are _____ and _____.
Round.
Large vents or pressure-relief stacks.
Liquid propane.
Liquid ammonia
Pressurized Horizontal Tanks.
These tanks usually have a small vapor space - ___________- above the liquid.
In most cases is ________ of the total container capacity is vapor.
Headspace.
10-15%
BOTH shipping and storage vessels
5000-6000 gallons
Pressurized or nonpressurized
Can be shipped by ALL METHODS of transport: air, sea or land
Intermodal
Often container will provide important clues about the nature of the substance inside:
Responders should _____ rely solely on type of container
Type.
Size.
Material of construction.
Not
Intermediate bulk containers:
Volume falls in between drums or bags and what is in cargo tanks.
Greater than 119 gallons but less than 793.
Super sacks or totes
-super sacks=500 lbs to several thousand.
-totes=4 ft square and 6 ft tall, 119-793 gal.
Bulk storage containers requirements
Liquids GREATER THAN 119 gallons.
Bulk packaging with net mass GREATER THAN 882 pounds.
Compressed gas - water capacity of 1,001 pounds OR LESS
Non-bulk storage vessels:
Intermediate bulk containers:
Bulk storage containers:
NON-few ounces to 119 gallons: drums, bags, compressed gas cylinders, cryo.
INTER-volumes between drums/bags and cargo tanks, greater than 119 but less than 793 gal: super sacks (500-several thousand lbs) and totes (119-793 gal).
BULK-cargo tanks/rail cars: liquids greater than 119 gal, bulk packaging w/net mass greater than 882 lbs, compressed gas-water capacity 1,001 lbs or less
Signal words on bags to indicate relative toxicity: (4)
Danger-Poison - highly toxic by all routes.
Danger - severe eye damage or skin irritation.
Warning - moderately toxic.
Caution - minor toxicity and minor eye damage or skin irritation
Every pesticide label must carry the statement ___________.
Keep out of reach of children
Drums can be made of (5).
Closed head drums with one or more small openings:
Open head removable lid with:
Low-carbon steel, polyethylene, cardboard, stainless steel, nickel.
Bung-2 in. and 3/4 in. holes
Ring tightened with clasp/threaded bolt assembly
Carboy is a ____, ___, or ____ container that holds ___________ of product
Glass, plastic or steel, 5-15 gallons
glass placed in wood, foam, fiberglass, or steel box
Uninsulated cylinders chemicals
OHAN Oxygen Helium Argon Nitrogen
Cryogens in cylinders
HOHAN Hydrogen Oxygen Helium Argon Nitrogen
Will hold 2,000 lbs of product, 8 feet in length, and 3 feet in diameter
Ton container
Off all the various methods of transport of hazmat, the ________ is the one that is most rarely involved in emergencies.
High volume pipeline
A pipeline is a length of pipe-including ….-for conveying fluids or gases over potentially long distances.
Pumps. Valves. Flanges. Control devices. Strainers
These incidents, like rail incidents, could have far-reaching implications and present responders with a challenging set of circumstances.
Pipeline
Area, patch of land, or roadway that extends a certain number of feet on either side of the pipe itself. The company that owns the pipeline maintains this area.
Pipeline right of way
The company is also responsible for placing warning signs ____________ along the length of the pipeline.
At regular intervals
Pipeline warning signs include:
Warning SYMBOL.
Pipeline owners name.
Emergency contact phone number
Information about pipeline’s contents and owner is also found at the _______. These inverted J-shaped tubes provide pressure relief OR natural venting during maintenance and repairs. Vent pipes are _____ and are located approximately _____ above the ground.
Vent pipes.
Clearly marked.
3 feet
US DOT marking system is an identification system characterized by ____, _____ and ______. Used when materials are ___________________.
Labels.
Placards.
Markings.
Being transported from one location to another in the United States
Placards
10 3/4 in. diamond.
All four sides of highway transportation, railroad tank cars and other forms
Labels
4 in. diamond on all 4 sides of individual boxes and smaller packages
Most common mode of hazardous material transport is:
Over land by roadway transportation.
49CFR171.8(2)
Any amount requires a label or placard (4)
Explosives.
Poison gases.
Water-reactive solids.
High-level radioactive
A four-digit UN number ________ required on some placards.
May be
NFPA 704 is for:
Fixed facility use:
Outside of bldgs.
Doorways to chemical storage areas.
Fixed storage tanks
What size does NFPA 704 need to be:
Diamond-shaped symbol of ANY size
Placard vs Label hazards
PlacarD = broaD hazard. LabeL = potentiaL hazard
Diamonds in 704 are:
Red-flammability.
Blue-health.
Yellow-reactivity.
White-special symbols [burning O (oxidizer), 3-bladed trifoil (radioactive) and W with slash through it (water reactive)]
Military markings.
Mass detonation and orange octagon
Division 1
OXTD MEAO
Military markings.
Mass fire hazards and inverted orange triangle
Division 3
OXTD MEAO
Military markings.
Moderate fire hazards and orange diamond
Division 4
OXTD MEAO
Military markings.
Explosion with fragment hazards and orange X
Division 2
OXTD MEAO
Chemical hazards and colors for military (3)
Toxic agents-Red.
Harassing agents-yellow.
White phosphorous-white.
Class 4 Flammable solids (FSW)
Flammable.
Spontaneously combustible.
Water-reactive
_____ means a leak from one small package, a small leak in a large container (up to ____ ), a small cylinder leak, or any small leak, even one in a larger package. p. 63
Small spill.
55-gallon drum
Primary audience for the ERG?
Firefighters, police and other emergency services personnel
Green section of ERG includes chemicals hi-lighted from yellow and blue sections but also:
Water-reactive materials that produce toxic gas.
Toxic Inhalation Hazards (TIH) (extremely toxic to humans).
Chemical warfare agents (CWA).
Dangerous water-reactive materials
A large spill is:
Large leak or spill from a larger container or package.
Spill from a NUMBER of small packages.
Anything from a 1-ton cylinder, tank truck or railcar
Any substance hi-lighted in blue or yellow of ERG is either:
Toxic inhalation hazard.
Chemical warfare agent.
Water reactive material
Hazardous Materials Information System
Similar to NFPA 704. Uses numerical hazard rating with similarly colored horizontal columns. (OSHA Hazard Communication Standard) For employees. Method for information/training.
How many sources?
As many as possible
Preferably at least three
Shipping papers.
Packaging Group designation is another system used by shippers to identify special handling requirements or hazards
Group I - HIGH danger.
Group II - MEDIUM danger.
Group III - MINOR danger.
Shipping paper types (4)
Rail - waybills (list of contents for every car = consist/train list - conductor/engineer/designated member).
Marine - dangerous cargo manifest (tube-like container in wheelhouse - captain/master).
Air - airbill (pilot’s responsibility).
Road - bills of lading or freight bills - in the cab (transporting chemicals - on drivers person or within easy reach inside cab)
_______, _______, and ______ will help you identify the various protective “actions and notifications” that must be made for the types of responses anticipated within the jurisdiction.
SOPs. (Defines points of contact)
Emergency response plan.
ERG.
Chemtrec is operated by:
American Chemistry Council
Whenever a significant hazardous materials incident occurs, ________ MUST be notified. _____ has the ultimate legal responsibility to contact NRC.
National Response Center (NRC)
central notification point
Shipper or owner of the chemical
Potential targets for terrorist activities include both NATURAL landmarks and HUMAN-MADE structures. These sites can be divided into _____ broad categories: (CSI)
3.
Infrastructure targets.
Symbolic targets.
Civilian targets.
Indicators of possible criminal/terrorist activity involving chemical agents
NO SINGLE INDICATOR! Overt -Gloves. -Chemical suits. -Respirators. -Marked/unmarked containers. Chemical odor or residue. Chemistry books or reference materials
Chemical agents.
The main point is that you must always be on the lookout for:
Items that may appear out of context with the setting-pay attention to your surroundings at all times
Indicators of incidents that may involve biological agents:
Chemicals.
Production equipment (Petri dishes, vented hoods, Bunsen burners, pipettes, microscopes, incubators).
Microbiology/biology books.
Metal cylindrical cans or red plastic boxes/bags.
PPE.
Excessive amount of antibiotics.
Abandoned spray devices/unscheduled or unusual sprays
Biggest difference between chemical incident and biological incident is typically:
The speed of onset of the health effects
Indicators of radiological agents:
Lead/stainless containers.
Explosive that may be used to disperse.
Radiation monitoring.
Radiological protective suits
Major difference between illicit location where radiological substances are present and a legitimate operation may be:
The way the substances are packaged and stored
Radiological.
Labeling is driven by amount of radiation that can be measured outside the package. Three varieties of LABELS found on radioactive packages are:
White I.
Yellow II.
Yellow III.
Shippers of radiological materials are required to include a Transport Index (TI) number on the package label. Number indicates the highest amount of radiation that can be measured _____ away from the SURFACE of the package.
1 meter
Radiological.
The key is to be able to _____, _____, and ______ when and where you may encounter radioactive sources.
Suspect.
Recognize.
Understand
Radiological.
If at a fixed facility, initially consult with ________. If not at a fixed site, the presence of radiation may __________.
Radiation safety officer.
Never be apparent
Most incidents you encounter will encounter will involve ________ and can be handled ______.
The _________ are usually found in ________ containers.
Low-level radioactive sources.
Safely.
Low level sources.
Type A
Most common type of containers and packages used to store radioactive materials are divided into 5 major categories:
Excepted range radioactive packaging. Industrial radioactive packaging. Type A. Type B. Type C
Transport materials - general design requirements.
Low level radioactive substances.
Made of heavy CARDBOARD.
Very low hazard (smoke detectors).
Excepted (excluded) from packaging, labeling, paper requirements.
Required to have four digit UN number
Excepted packaging
Transporting high-activity radioactive substances by AIR.
Dangerous radioactive sources.
Not certified for use in the United States
Type C packaging
Protect internal contents during NORMAL transportation in event of MINOR accident.
Withstand MODERATE degrees of cold, vibration, impact…
Nuclear medicines, radioactive waste, radioactive sources-industrial.
Not significant release, quantity is so limited
Type A packaging
Far more durable than Type A.
Designed to prevent release in EXTREME accidents.
Small drums and casks weighing more than 100 metric tons.
Tests-fall onto spikes, heavy fire, submersion.
Worst-case accident scenarios.
Spent nuclear fuel, high-level radioactive waste, high concentrations-cesium or cobalt
Type B packaging
Low ACTIVITY material, usually radioactive WASTE.
These packages allow NO identifiable release.
Three categories packaging and category will be marked on exterior of package (IP-1, IP-2, IP-3).
Industrial packaging
ILLICIT:
Terrorist paraphernalia may include:
Terrorist training manuals.
Ideological propaganda.
Documents indicating affiliation w/known terrorist groups.
LOCATIONS illicit clan labs:
Basements with unusual/multiple vents.
Bldgs w/heavy security.
Bldgs w/obscured Windows.
Bldgs w/odd or unusual odors
PERSONNEL illegal laboratory settings may exhibit
Certain degree of unusual/suspicious behavior
-nervous/high level anxiety.
May be very protective of laboratory and not want to allow access.
May rush people out.
EQUIPMENT illicit laboratory areas
Surveillance materials (videotapes, photos, maps, blueprints or time logs of the target hazard). Non-weapon supplies (identification badges, uniforms, decals). Weapon-related supplies (timers, switches, fuses, containers, projectiles, gunpowder or fuel). Security weapons (guns, knives, booby trap systems)
_____ laboratories are by far the most common type of clandestine laboratory encountered by responders.
Drug
Very primitive.
Materials to manufacture often consist of everyday items (jars, bottles, glass cookware, coolers and tubing) that have been modified to produce…
Drug labs
The strong smell of _____ or unusual chemical smell such as ____, _____, or ______ are very common indicators of clandestine drug manufacturing.
Urine.
Ether, ammonia or acetone
Indicators of possible criminal or terrorist activity involving explosives typically include materials that fit into four categories:
Protective equipment.
Production and containment materials.
Explosive materials.
Support materials.
Secondary device vs secondary attack
Device - to harm those responders summoned to the scene.
Attack - as responders begin to treat victims
EVADE for secondary devices
Evaluate the scene for likely areas.
Visually scan operating areas before providing care.
Avoid touching/moving anything that can CONCEAL.
Designate control zones.
Evacuate victims, other responders and nonessential personnel
