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Hazmate! > Ch. 2 Hazmat Properties and Effects > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Hazmat Properties and Effects Flashcards

1
Q

Most FUNDAMENTAL of all actions is the ability to:

A

Observe the scene
AND
Understand the problem

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2
Q

Potential ways of breach (6)

DRCPST

A 
Disintegration.
Runaway cracking.
Closures opening up.
Punctures.
Splits.
Tears.
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3
Q

__________ occurs when pressurized liquified materials inside a closed vessel are exposed to a source of high heat.

A

BLEVE

p. 22 “the vessel fails”

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4
Q

A description of the volume increase when a compressed liquified gas material changes into a gas.

A

Expansion ratio

Propane 270 to 1

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5
Q

Liquids with LOW flash points typically have _____ vapor pressures and ___ ignition temperatures.

A

Higher
Higher

(FIV-v^^ or ^vv)

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6
Q

FIV-Flash Point/Ignition Temp/Vapor Pressure

A

F=⬆️
I/V=⬇️

F=⬇️
I/V=⬆️

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7
Q

Minimum temp at which a liquid or solid releases SUFFICIENT vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air

A

Flash point

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8
Q

Temperature at which SUSTAINED COMBUSTION will occur

A

Fire point

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9
Q

Flash point of diesel

A

120-140F

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10
Q

Key point to understanding vapor pressure

A

Vapors released from surface of any liquid must be contained if they are to exert pressure

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11
Q

Minimum temp at which a fuel will ignite in air and CONTINUE TO BURN

A

Ignition (Autoignition) temperature

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12
Q

The _________ of a flammable liquid dictates the behavior of the substance once it is released.

A

Molecular weight

Molecules behave

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13
Q

LEL and UEL of gasoline

A

1.4-7.6

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14
Q

14.7 psi = torr? mmHg? atm? bar?

A

760 torr.
760 mmHg.
1 atm.
1 bar

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15
Q

Normal temperature and pressure (NTP)

A

14.7 psi @ 68F,

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16
Q

If vapor pressure and ignition temp go down… (MBFH)

A

Molecular weight goes up.
Boiling point goes up.
Flash point goes up.
Heat output goes up.

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17
Q

Standard time and pressure (STP)

A

14.7 psi @ 32F

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18
Q

Acids and bases have which ions?

A

Acids - predominant amount of hydrogen ions.

Bases - predominant amount of hydroxide ions

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19
Q

Vapor density of Propane

A

1.51

HOT - 1.52

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20
Q

Ability of a material to cause damage to skin, eyes, or other parts of the body

A

Corrosivity

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21
Q

Generally, pH values of ____ or less and those of _____ or greater, are considered to be STRONG.

A
  1. 5

12. 5

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22
Q

Vapor density of chlorine

A

2.5

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23
Q

If you know the ___________, you can BEGIN TO PREDICT what the substance will do IF it escapes.

A

State of matter and other physical properties

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23
Q

Oxides of Nitrogen

A

Deep lung irritants.

Cause pulmonary edema

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24
Q

Energy transmitted through space in the form of electromagnetic waves or energetic particles

A

Radiation

Energy

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25
Q

Health hazards posed by radiation are a function of two factors:

A

AMOUNT of radiation absorbed by your body has a direct relationship to the DEGREE of DAMAGE done. (ADD)
Exposure TIME to the radiation will ultimately affect the EXTENT of the INJURY. (TEI)

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26
Q

In the nucleus, there are _____ and _______. Orbiting the nucleus are ________.

A

Protons, neutrons.

Electrons.

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27
Q

Variation in the number of ________ creates a radioactive isotope of the element.

A

Neutrons

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28
Q

____ is the natural and spontaneous process by which unstable atoms (isotopes) of an element decay to a different state and emit or radiate excess energy in the form of particles or waves.

A

Radioactivity

Process

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29
Q

Form of radiation energy is produced when an electrically charged particle is GIVEN OFF by the nucleus of an unstable atom.

A

Alpha radiation

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30
Q

Travel distance of Alpha particles:

Beta particles:

A

Less than a few inches.

10 to 15 ft

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31
Q

Typical Alpha emitters

A 
Americium (smoke detectors).
Polonium (cigarette smoke).
Radium.
Radon.
Thorium.
Uranium.
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31
Q

Particles given off/ejected from the nucleus

A

Alpha (given off) and Beta (ejected)

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32
Q

Radioactive contamination occurs when radioactive material is ____________. Contaminated person has _____________ on or inside their body.

A

Deposited on an object OR a person.

Radioactive material

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34
Q

When a person is EXPOSED to radiation, ____________ the body.

A

Energy penetrates

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35
Q

Examples of ionizing radiation

A

Beta
X-rays
Gamma
has capability to cause change in human cells

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36
Q

ALARA

A

As low as reasonably achievable

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37
Q

Examples of non-ionizing radiation

Does not have sufficient energy to break bonds and create ions

A

Sound waves
Radio waves
Microwaves

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38
Q

Common beta emitters

A

Tritium
Iodine
Cesium

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39
Q

Most energetic radiation responders may encounter

A

Gamma radiation

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40
Q

Gamma differs from alpha and beta radiation in that:

A

It is not a particle ejected from the nucleus; it is PURE electromagnetic energy

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41
Q

Gamma

Nucleus still has too much energy after ejecting beta particles, it may release a _______.

A

Photon

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41
Q

Sources of gamma

A

Cesium

Cobalt

42
Q

Process by which people, animals, the environment, and equipment are subjected to or come into contact with a hazardous material.

A

Exposure

43
Q

_____ penetrating particles found in the nucleus of an atom. These are not themselves radioactive but exposure to them can create radiation, such as gamma radiation.

A

Neutrons

44
Q

Chemical is released and physically comes in contact with people, the environment, and everything around it, either intentionally or unintentionally, the RESIDUE of that chemical is called ________.

A

Contamination

45
Q

Also known as cross-contamination, occurs when a person or object transfers the contaminant or the source of contamination to another person (responder or civilian) or object by direct contact.

A

Secondary contamination

46
Q

TRACEMP

A

Thermal (intentional explosions, fires, cryogenic)
Radiological (dirty bomb)
Asphyxiation (nitrogen, blood agents)
Chemical (intentional release of TIC, nerve, vesicant, poison)
Etiological
Mechanical (property damage and injury)
Psychogenic (mental harm)

47
Q

Pose a significant threat to civilians and responders alike. Ability to enter body through lungs or skin and systemically affect the function of human body.

A

Nerve agent

48
Q

Water-like liquid nerve agent that is primarily a VAPOR hazard

A

Sarin

49
Q

Exposure to ______ is NOT an automatic death sentence.

A

Nerve agent

slow or rapid heartbeat

50
Q

Recognition of signs and symptoms of _____ is vital. Reported to have fruity odors.

A

Nerve agent

51
Q

SLUDGEM for nerve agent (not necessarily nerve gas)

A 
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation
Gastric disturbance
Emesis
Miosis (construction of pupils)
52
Q

The _____ and _____ classes of pesticides are similar to weapons-grade nerve agents but less toxic.

A

Organophosphate and carbamate

53
Q

Common blister agents are ______ and _____.

A

Sulfur mustard

Lewisite

54
Q

Sulfur mustard more typically found in _____ state and when pure is __________ and when mixed _____. Smells like ______ or ____.

A 
Liquid.
Colorless and odorless.
Brownish in color.
Garlic.
Onions
55
Q

Exposure to sulfur mustard _____________. Victim may not experience _________. Redness and blistering may not appear until __________ after exposure.

A

May not be immediately apparent.
Pain or any other sign indicating current contact.
2 to 24 hrs (HOT 4-48 hrs)

56
Q

Sulfur mustard can cause injuries similar to _________. ______ are much more serious. Sulfur mustard is very _____, remain intact for _______.

A

Second and Third degree burns.
Inhalation exposures.

Persistent in the ENVIRONMENT.
Several days

57
Q

Lewisite contains ______, symptoms specific to ______ such as ______ and ______.
Smells like _____ and unlike sulfur, will produce _______.

A

Arsenic.
Arsenic poisoning.
Vomiting.
LOW blood pressure (Lewisite=Low).

Geraniums, immediate pain

58
Q

Chemicals that, when absorbed by the body, INTERFERE with the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the cells. interfere like a special agent

A

Blood agent

60
Q

________, including hydrogen cyanide (AC) and cyanogen chloride (CK), prevent the body from using oxygen.

A

Cyanide compounds

61
Q

Main route of cyanide compounds is inhalation but many of these agents can be _____ or ______. _______ has odor of bitter almonds.

A

Ingested.
Absorbed through the skin.
Hydrogen cyanide

62
Q

Approx. ____ of general population cannot detect the presence. Odor threshold and amount of ____ that would be lethal are very close, so odor alone cannot be used.

A

60%

Cyanide

63
Q

S/S of cyanide exposure

A

Vomiting.
Dizziness.
Watery eyes.
Deep/Rapid breathing

64
Q

Predominantly designed to inhibit breathing and are typically intended to ___________; nevertheless, death and serious injury are possible.

A

Choking agents.
Incapacitate rather than to kill
choking=incapacitate

65
Q

Nature of choking agents ________ and _________.

A

Alerts potential victims to their presence.

Allows for escape from environment when possible

66
Q

Choking
In event of significant exposure, the main threat from these materials is __________. Also act as ___________, they can cause _____ and _______.

A

Pulmonary edema.
(Chemically-induced pneumonia)

Skin irritant.
Mild/moderate skin irritation.
Significant burning

67
Q

______ and ______ have been reported to smell like freshly mown grass or hay. Odors noticeable/strong enough to _____________.

A

Phosgene and chloropicrin.

Alert victims to presence

68
Q

_______ dispersed to BRIEFLY incapacitate a person of groups of people. Can cause ____ and ______. Lasts ____ to _____, usually with ________.

A

Irritants (Riot Control Agents).
Pain and burning sensation (skin, eyes, mucous).

Several minutes.
Several hours.
No lasting effects.

69
Q

Irritants dispersed by ____, _____ or ______.

A

Canisters.
Hand-held sprayers.
Grenades

70
Q

Of all the groups of WMDs, _____ pose the LEAST amount of danger in terms of toxicity.

A

Irritants

71
Q

Chemicals capable of causing convulsions or seizures when they are absorbed by the body.

A

Convulsants

72
Q

Convulsants include:

A

Nerve agents
Organophosphates
Carbamates

73
Q

Convulsants

Chemicals that fall into this category are:

A 
Nerve agents (tabun, sarin, soman, VX)
Organophosphate and carbamate pesticides
74
Q

Pesticides capable of functioning of convulsants

A

Parathion.
Aldicarb.
Diazinon.
Fonofos.

75
Q

Chemical substances enter the human body four ways:

A

Inhalation.
Absorption (permeating skin).
Ingestion.
Injection (cuts or other breaches)

76
Q

InhalatIOn is a _________ to the bloodstream

A

Direct pOInt of access

Eyes-direct ROUTE to brain/CNS

77
Q

Cause substantial irritation when lodged in lung tissue

A

Small particles of dust.
Fiberglass insulation.
Asbestos.
Soot from fire

78
Q

_____ is by far the most important PIECE of PPE that firefighters have at their disposal.

A

Open-circuit SCBA

piece-face piece

79
Q

Full and half-face APR’s offer SPECIFIC degrees of protection if:

A

Chemical hazard present is known
AND
Appropriate filter canister is used

80
Q

According to OSHA, any work environment containing less than _____% oxygen is considered to be _______ and will require SCBA or supplied air respirator.

A

19.5

Oxygen-deficient

81
Q

When considering protection against airborne contamination, it is important to understand the ____, ____, and _____ relative to the oxygen levels in the area. In some cases, the _________________ may dictate the level of respiratory protection employed.

A

Origin.
Concentration.
Potential impact of the contamination.

Anticipated particle size of the contamination

82
Q

Weaponized anthrax spores typically vary in size from ______________.

A

.5 to 1 micron

83
Q

Capable of causing illness

A

Infectious

84
Q

Capable of passing it to another person

A

Contagious

85
Q

Anthrax and smallpox. Contagious, infectious or both?

A

Anthrax - infectious.

Smallpox - infectious and contagious

86
Q

One of the most important COMPONENTS of any PPE.

A

Respiratory protection

87
Q

Absorption not limited to the skin. What body parts are also part of the equation?

A

Eyes.
Nose.
Mouth.
Intestinal tract (to a certain degree)

88
Q

Eyes will absorb a _____ amount of liquid and vapor
High
Moderate
Low

A

High

89
Q

Allows chemical to follow direct route to the brain and CNS

A

Eyes, through optic nerve (Absorption).

Direct point of access to bloodstream-inhalation

90
Q

Aggressive solvents are ____ absorbed through the skin.

A

Readily

91
Q

Direct portal to the bloodstream

A

Open wounds (injection)

92
Q

Adverse health effect that occurs gradually over time after long term exposure

A

Chronic health hazard (aka chronic health effect)

93
Q

May appear either after long-term or chronic exposures or following MULTIPLE SHORT-TERM exposures that occur over a shorter period of time

A

Chronic health EFFECTS

94
Q

Long term exposure over the course of many months or years

A

Chronic exposure

95
Q

Relatively short exposure period
Considered to be sub-chronic with effects occurring either immediately after a single exposure or as long as several DAYS or WEEKS

A

Acute health effects

96
Q

A “right now” exposure that produces OBSERVABLE signs such as eye irritation, coughing, dizziness, and skin burns

A

Acute exposure

97
Q

Chemical that causes a substantial proportion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the chemical

A

Sensitizer

98
Q

Degree to which something is toxic or poisonous
OR
Adverse effect a substance may have on a whole organism, such as a human, or to a substructure, such as a cell or a specific organ

A

Toxicity

99
Q

Difference between LC and LD?

A 
LC = substance is vapor or gas.
LD = dermal threat or harmful when ingested (any route OTHER than inhalation).

Lowest dosage per unit of body weight

100
Q

LC50/LD50

LC Hi or LC100

A

50 - to kill half the members tested.

Hi or 100 - to kill all members tested

101
Q

Containers are based on their capacity:

A

Bulk

Nonbulk storage containers

102
Q

At some point early in the incident, it is vital to determine whether the pool of responders has the right _____, _____ and ______ to positively influence the outcome of the incident.

A

Training
Equipment
Protective gear

103
Q

Responders must establish a safe perimeter around the problem, keeping it secure from _______ and _______.

A

Accidental entrance

Possible human exposures

104
Q

Most important INITIAL actions taken at a hazardous materials incident REVOLVE around ______________ and ________________.

A

Identifying the problem

Taking actions to limit the spread of contamination and/or human exposures

105
Q

Causes of product release

A

Thermal influence
Mechanical damage
Chemical reaction

Hazmate! (11 decks)

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