ch 3 breathing Flashcards
small organisms with large sa:v are able to diffuse nutrients___
faster
larger organisms with smaller sa:v ratio have __ to increase ____
adaptations, exchange
what are the adaptations of exchanging surfaces
- large surface area
-thinly skinned which provides a shorter diffusion path
-efficient blood supply
-being ventilated
where are the lungs located and how are they protected and seperated
-thorax
-ribs
-diaphragm
how does the ventilation of the lungs start
by movements of your ribcage and diaphragm
what happens when you breathe in
your intercostal muscle contracts which pulls your ribs upwards and outwards, then the diaphragm flattens to increase the volume of the thorax
what happens to the pressure inside your throax when you breathe in
it drops because the ame gas is inside a much bigger space which causes more air to move into your lungs by atmospheric pressure
how do you breathe out
the intercostal muscle relaxes and your ribs drop down and inwards, diaghraph returned to its curved shape which causes the pressure of the thorax to increase and air to be forced our of your lungs
how are alveoli adapted
-rich supply of blood to maintain a concentration gradient
-cappilaries are one cell thick which allows diffusion to take place over a shorter distance
how does having a steep concentration gradient make breathing effective
due to lots of blood which comes into the lungs being low in oxygen and high in co2
how do mechanical ventilation systems work
-positive pressure and negative pressure
why are breathing aids needed
to help people who are paralysed or have a disease which cannot ventilate their lungs
how do negative pressure ventilators work
cause air to be drawn into the lungs which is then exhaled passively
how do possive pressure ventilators work
they force carefully measured air into patients lungs then air pressure automatically stops
whats the benefit of using positive pressure ventilators
they can be easily moved around unlike the negative pressure ventilators
-patents have more control over the ventilation
whats the equation for aerobic respiration
oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide +water
what are the reasons for respiration
-cells need energy to build up large molecules
-muscle contractions
-maintaining internal body temp
-taking nitrates from soil to build amino acids and proteins in plants
where does aerobic respiration take place
mitochondria
why do muscles store glucose as glycogen
so it can be rapidoly converted to gluscose to respire during excercise
what happens to your muscles when you excercise
they contract harder and faster so they need more glucose and oxygen to respire, co2 haas to be removed for muscles to work efficiently
what are the 3 effects of excerise on your body
-heartrate increases and arteries widen to fit more blood
-breathing rate and depth increases so oxygen is brought in and co2 is removed more rapidly
-glycogen is converted back into glucose to help cells respire
what is anerobic respiration
respiration without oxygen due to not enough oxygen being supplied by blood
what happens when muscle fibers are used vigurously
it makes them fatugued which causes less contractions
why is anerobic respiration not so efficient
because glucose isnt completely broken down so less energy is transfered
whats the equation for anerobic respiration
glucose -> lactic acid
why does oxygen debt occur
because excess lactic acid is produced which needs to be broken down to form co2 and water
what is oxygen debt
the amount of oxygen needed to break down lactice acid to co2 and water
who do plants and organisms use anerobic respiration
to survive in low oxygen conditions
what is the word equation for anerobic respiration in plants
glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
