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biology > ch 2 cell divison and differentiation > Flashcards

ch 2 cell divison and differentiation Flashcards

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1
Q

when do cells divide

A

when the body needs to
-grow
-replace worn out cells
-repair damaged tissue

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2
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do we have

A

23 - 46 in total

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3
Q

what does homologous mean

A

identical

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4
Q

what are chromosomes

A

long strands of dna found in nucleus

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5
Q

whats the difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells while meiosis occurs after mitosis and produces 4 differentiated daughter cells

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6
Q

what are the stages of mitosis

A

1- interphase where dna is replicated
2-chromosome migrates to opposite ends of cell
3- cell divides in 2 with same number of chromosomes
4- end up with 2 identical daughter cells

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7
Q

in which cells does mitosis not occur

A

all cells except gametes (sex cells)

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8
Q

what happens when cells divide uncontrollably

A

causes tumor then cancer

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9
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

the process a cell goes through each time it divides
-chromosome doubles
-cell divides into 2 daughter cells and receives 1 copy of doubled material

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10
Q

what are the 3 main phases of the cell cycle

A

-interphase
-mitosis
-cytokinesis

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11
Q

what happens in interphase

A

organelles double and dna replicates to form 2 coppies

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12
Q

what happens in mitosis

A

the chromosomes move apart and nucleus divides

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13
Q

what happens in cytokinesis

A

the cell membrane splits in 2 to finally give 2 identical daughter cells

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14
Q

what happens in meiosis

A

4 differentiated daughter cells are created (haploids)

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15
Q

what happens in the stages of meiosis

A

-chromosomes are doubled
-mitosis
-cell divides again which forms 4 gametes (sex cells)

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16
Q

what are the main features of meiosis

A

-cell divides twice and forms 4 gametes
-gametes are genetically different

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17
Q

what are stem cells

A

cell that hasnt become differentiated or specialised yet

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18
Q

what are the features of stem cells

A

-can replicate many times by mitosis
-can become different types of cells

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19
Q

what happens to stem cells during the development of an embryo

A

most cells become specialised

20
Q

cell differentiation is a ____ process

A

irreversable

21
Q

what are plant stem cells called

A

meristem cells

22
Q

where are meristem cells found

A

root and shoot tipes

23
Q

what are the 2 functions of stem cells

A

-growth and development
-repair and replacement

24
Q

what happens to cells over time

A

they die or get too old to function properly

25
Q

why are adult stem cells needed

A

for growth
eg:bone marrow

26
Q

why are embryonic stem cells needed

A

to develop- they come from discarded embryos

27
Q

why are adult stem cells resistricted in types of cells they can become

A

because genes are turned off

28
Q

what are the features of embryonic stem cells

A

-they can differentiate into any cell
-usually removed from human embryos
-unspecialised

29
Q

what are the features of adult stem cells

A

-specialised
-can only differentiate into skin or blood cells

30
Q

name 3 organs where adult stem cells can be found

A

-brain to treat neurological diseases
-skin cells repair damaged or worn out cells
-intestines to replace worn out cells

31
Q

what is therapeutic cloning

A

the process of creating stem cells with the same genes as the patient

32
Q

what are the 4 steps of therapeutic cloning

A

1- nucleus taken out of human egg cell
2- nucleus put into egg cell
3- egg cell stimulated to develop into an embryo
4- stem cells grow

33
Q

what are the advantages of therapeutic cloning

A
  • helps create vital organs
    -can help prevent or cure diseases
    -small chance of rejection
34
Q

what are the disadvantages of therapeutic cloning

A

-stem cells kept in labs show similarities to cancer cells
-virus transfer is possible
-its very expensive to extract eggs
-raises ethical issues

35
Q

whatre the advantages of adult stem cells

A

-since cells are from the same body they wouldnt get rejected
-no embryos envolved so adults give permision

36
Q

whatre the disadvantages of adult stem cells

A

-cells grown in labs can cause cancer
-only a few stem cells remain in the human body
-they can only differentiate into specific cells

37
Q

whatre the advantages of embryonic stem cells

A

-lots of stem cells are avalible
-can differentiate into any cell
-can be used to replace damaged or destroyed cells

38
Q

what are the disadvantages of embryonic stem cells

A

-ethical issues
-transplants can be rejected by the patients immune system
-difficult to obtain and store patatients stem cells
-patient can be scammed becaue stem cells are only in their developmental stage

39
Q

a cell that has 2 sets of chromosomes

A

diploids

40
Q

cells that have only 1 set of chromosomes

A

haploid

41
Q

mass of abnormal cells caused by mutation that invade and destroy surrounding tissue

A

tumor

42
Q

what are the features of a benign tumor

A

grow slowly, harmless but can cause blockage and pressure organs

43
Q

what are the features of malignant tumors

A

they grow rapidly,invade and destroy tissue,spread in blood

44
Q

what can cause cancer

A

-carcingogens
-raadiation
-inhertiance
-obestity
-age

45
Q

how does chemotherapy treat cancer

A

chemicals are used to stop cells from dividing or making those cells distruct

46
Q

how does radiotherapy help treat cancer

A

cancer cells are destroyed by targeted doses of radiation

biology (13 decks)

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