Ch. 3 Flashcards
the pancreatic hormones insulin and _____ are responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels
glucagon
appetite is triggered by
environmental cues such as the smell or taste of food
which physiological trigger will result in the sensation of hunger
low glucose levels
hunger is best described as
a physiological desire to consume food
hunger, as opposed to appetite, is best described as
a physiological desire or need to consume food
the smallest units of matter that normally cannot be broken down are
atoms
the human body is organized into the following structural levels
atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems
our genetic information, in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid is located in the____
nucleus
cell membranes are primarily composed of
phsphoipids
the powerhous of the cell that produces most of the at is the
mitochondria
the term used to describe the process in which foods are broken down into their component molecules is
digestion
what is the cephalic phase
earliest phase of digestion when the brain prepares the body in anticipation of food
whtn the stomach of an adult is full, it can expand to hold approximately
4cups of food or water
the primary function of mucus in the stomach is to
protect the stomach cells from gastric juices
the contents of the stomach when food is present is
very acidic
where in you rbody does the majority of the digestion and absorption of food occur
small intestine
salivary amylase begins the digestion of ____ in the mouth
carbohydrate
what part of gastric juices in the stomach kills bacteria and germs you may have consumed
hydrochloric acid
what is chyme
mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices
the acidity of the stomach allows for all of the following except
preparing dietary carbohydrates for absorption in the small intestine
sodim bicarbonate is secreted by the pancreas and functions to _____
neutralize stomach acid
the brush border is located in the ____
small intestin
what is the name of the sphincter that separates the stomach from the small intestine
pyloric
bile is released into the ____ in response to the ingestion of fat in the diet
small intestine
bile is made in the liver and stored in the
gallbladder
responding to the presence of protein and fat in our meal, cholecystokinin (CCK) signals the gallbladder to release a substance called ______
bile
which organ is responsible for manufacturing and secreting digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
pancreas
what is the function of the bicarbonate that is realeased into the duodenum during the process of digestion
to neutralize the acidic chyme
immediately after absorbtion, most of the fat soluble nutrients are carried through the _____ circulatory system
lymphatic
when blood leaves the small intestine, it is routed directly through the portal vein to the
liver
after you eat a meal of french fries, cheeseburger, and a chocolate milk shake, the fat in the meal ultimately causes
bile to be secreted into the small intestine to emulsify the fat
the enyme pancreatic amylase continues the digestion of
vitamins
the pancreatic hormone _____ and also glucagons, are responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels
insulin
collectively, the nerves of the gastrointestinal tract are referred to as
enteric
appetite is the psychological desire to eat specific foods, and _____ is the physiological sensation that encourages us to seek out food
hunger
the _____ is the region of the brain where physiological signals are translated into message to seek food due to hunger
hypothalamus
secreted from many glands of the body, _____ are chemical messengers that trigger a physiological response
hormones
the macronutrient with the highest satiety value is
protein
the _____ is the smallest unit of matter that exhibits the properties of growth, reproduction, and metabolism
cell
tiny units of matter that cannot be broken down by natural means are called
atoms
a _____ is a functional grouping of similar cells that are joined together to form functional sheets or chords of cells
tissue
tight rings of muscles that control the movement of food through the organs of the gastrointestinal tract are
sphincters
the human gi tract is approximately _____ feet long
30
mechanical digestion begins in the
mouth
carbohydrate digestion begins in the
mouth
once food is swallowed, a tiny flap of tissue called the _____ keeps it from entering the trachea
epiglottis
the wave like contraction that move food along the gi tract are called
peristalsis
the major site of nutrient absorption in the body is the small
intestine
the _____ concentrates and stores bile
gallbladder
inside each villus of the small intestine are capillaries and a small lymph vessel called a
lacteal
a painful sensation in the chest that results from gastric juices seeping back up into the esophagus is called
heartburn
the nerves of the gi tract are collectively known as the _____ nervous system
enteric
