Ch. 14 Flashcards
inadequate intakes of ____ during pregnancy are associated with neural tube defects in the fetus
folate
the point at which the ovum becomes fertilized by the perm is
conception
substances that lead to birth defects are called
teratogens
what is not a benefit of breastfeeding for the infant
the fat in breast milk is difficult for the infant to digest
the inner portion of the zygote that implants in the uterine lining is called the _____
blastocyst
from the third month of pregnancy until birth the developing human is called a
fetus
what is not a reason infants are at higher risk of dehydration than adults
infants have kidneys that produce highly concentrated urine
the average weight and height for a healthy newborn in the US is _____ pounds and 18-22 inches long
7 1/2
a low birth weight infants is one that weighs less than _____ pounds
5.5
what trimester of pregnancy is the fetus the most vulnerable to teratogens
first
recommended weight gain during pregnancy is based on the
mother’s weight before becoming pregnant
what is false regarding calcium needs during pregnancy
the extra demand for calcium during pregnancy has been shown to cause bone demineralization and increase the risk of future fractures
during the second and third trimesters, the caloric needs of a pregnant woman increase by 350 to ____ kilocalories per day
450
which faty acid is critical to fetal brain and eye development
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
rich dietary sources of DHA include
mackerel and salmon
to avoid _____ contamination during pregnancy, fish consumption should not exceed 12oz a week
mercury
it is suggested that ____ percent of neural tube defects could be prevented if all women of childbearing age consumed adequate amounts of folate or folic acid
70
at what point during pregnancy is adequate folate most important
during the first four weeks after concption
macrocytic anemia results from a deficienc of
vitamin b12
what is false regarding vitamin b12 during pregnancy
the RDA for vitamin b12 doubles during pregnancy
during pregnancy excess consumption of ______ is associated with birth defects
vitamin a
fetal demand for iron is highest during the
third trimester
with the exception of ____, most of a pregnant womans nutrient needs can be met by consuming a nutrient dense diet
iron
what enhances the absorption of iron
vitamin c
the american academy of pediatrics recommends that all breast fed infants be given a ____ supplement to decrease the risk of developing rickets
vitamin d
a normal weight woman should gain approximately 25 to _____ pounds during pregnancy
35
the primary cause of gastroesophageal reflux and constipation during pregnancy is
relaxation of the smooth muscles
what is not associated with gestational diabetes
delivery of a low birth weight infant
what is not a symptom of preeclampsia
unexplained and rapid weight loss
the only thing that will “cure” eclampsia is
delivery of the infant
during pregnancy what amount of alcohol consumption is considered safe
none
during the first six months of lactation, the daily caloric needs of the mother increase by _____ calories as compared to prepregnancy levels
330
the hormones that prepare the breasts physically for lactation are estrogen and
prolactin
the stimulus that is needed for continued and sustained production of breast milk is
infant suckling
what hormone is referred to as the “let down” hormone
oxytocin
milk that is low in fat and produced first in a nursing session is known as
foremilk
what is not a maternal benefit of breastfeeding
shortens the intervals between pregnancies
what is not good advice to give to a parent regarding the introduction of solids to their six month old infant
add honey to cereal and fruit to improve infant acceptance of these new foods
why are newborn infants given a single injetion of vitamin K
the infants intestinal bacteria are not yet able to synthesize vitamin K
why is it strongly recommened that infants not consume honey
honey contains spores of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum
