Ch. 29 Cancer Flashcards
How many people die from cancer each day?
More than 1,500
Tumor Formation
Normal cells –> Initiation. Mutations alter the DNA in one of the cells and include abnormal cell division –> Promotion. Proliferation of the altered cells results in the formation of a tumor. –> Further tumor development. The cancerous tumor release into the bloodstream or lymphatic system (metastasis).
Nutrition consequences of cancer are dependent upon ____, ____, and ____.
Location in the body (ex: head and neck cancer);
Treatment (ex: surgical treatment, radiation, chemotherapy);
Severity
What is Cancer Cachexia (definition)?
Syndrome characterized by anorexia, muscle wasting, weight loss, and fatigue.
____ and ____ become extremely important when someone has cancer.
Calories; Protein
Unintentional ____ ____ is one of the S/S that someone might present with cancer.
Weight loss
About how many patients will present with Cancer Cachexia?
greater than 50%
Cancer Cachexia can result from?
Cytokines
Poor appetite
Altered metabolism
The tumor itself
____ and ____ can further contribute to cancer cachexia.
Treatments; Medications
____% of cancer diagnoses are related to smoking/tobacco use.
33%
____% of cancer diagnoses are related to individuals being obese or overweight
20%
____% of cancer diagnoses are related to individuals getting insufficient physical activity.
5%
____% of cancer diagnoses are related to diet.
5%
Recommendations for Cancer Prevention (10).
- Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight
- Be physically active
- Avoid sugary drinks
- Eat more vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes (such as beans)
- Limit consumption of red meats (beef, pork, lamb) and avoid processed meats.
- If consumed at all, limit alcoholic drinks to 2 for men and 1 for women each day.
- Limit consumption of salty foods and foods processed with salt (sodium).
- Don’t use supplements to prevent against cancer.
* 9. It is best for mothers to breastfeed exclusively for up to 6 months and then to add other liquids and foods.
* 10. After treatment, cancer survivors should follow the recommendations for cancer prevention.
- = special population recommendations
What should a patient consume?
Fruits and vegetables, non-starchy vegetables, whole grains, legumes
2/3 plant based diet
1/3 (or less) animal protein
Red meat has been linked to ____ cancer.
Colon cancer
ETOH has been linked to some ____ and ____ cancers.
Head and neck cancers
What’s the issue with fruits and vegetables?
Costly, availability, pesticides
Dirty Dozen
Apples Celery Cherry tomatoes Cucumbers Grapes Nectarines Peaches Potatoes Snap peas Spinach Strawberries Sweet bell peppers \+ Hot peppers and Kale/Collard greens
Clean 15
Asparagus Avocados Cabbage Cantaloupe Cauliflower Eggplant Grapefruit Kiwi Mangoes Onions Papayas Pineapples Sweet Corn Sweet Peas Sweet Potatoes
What about prevention of specific cancers?
50% of US colorectal cancers, about 68,400 cases, can be prevented by eating healthy, being active, and a healthy weight.
Fiber decreases risk
What can increase the risk for cancers?
Body fat, abdominal fat, ETOH for men, red/processed meats
Cancer Definition
“Group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.”
Most common cancers in women
- Breast
- Lung
- Colorectal
Most common causes of cancer deaths in women
- Lung
- Breast
- Colorectal
Most common cancers in men
- Prostate
- Lung
- Colorectal
Most common causes of cancer deaths in men
- Lung
- Prostate
- Colorectal
- Liver
