Ch. 15 Infancy (tegrity)

Question 1

Infant growth during first year

Answer 1

Growth reflected in nutrient intake

• -birth weight doubles by about 6 months and triples by 1 year
• -infants length increases by about 50% of birth length

Recorded and assessed via growth charts

Question 2

Energy requirement

Answer 2

Twice that of an adult relatively (i.e.: kcal/kg)

Requirements based upon

• -first 6 months = average intake of full-term, breast-fed infants
• -months 6-12 = average intake of breast milk and solid foods of full term infants

Question 3

Do infants need CHO?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

Brain size

Answer 4

Brain size increase relative to body weight = greater relative need to support brain function

Question 5

Fat

Answer 5

Primary energy source of infant

Concentrated source of kcalories = necessary to support growth

Question 6

Protein

Answer 6

Protein overload can easily occur

Kidneys and liver are too immature to handle excess

Question 7

Vitamins and Minerals

Answer 7

Infants don’t need a lot of Vitamin B6 and Iron

Infants DO need a lot of Vitamin D and Iodine

Question 8

Water

Answer 8

Greater percent of infant weight is water with most of it extracellular
Immature kidneys cannot concentrate urine
Risk of dehydration more than adults

Question 9

Practice of breastfeeding

Answer 9

Exclusive breastfeeding recommended for the first 6 months
Frequency of feedings
Duration of feedings
Energy nutrients

Question 10

Exclusive breastfeeding recommended for the first 6 months

Answer 10

Introduction of complementary foods + breast milk recommended until 12 months
Note: duration of breastfeeding is as long as mother and child are comfortable continuing
Should breastfeeding not be desired, iron-fortified formal is the ONLY acceptable solution

Question 11

Frequency of feedings

Answer 11

First 6 weeks feedings are about every 2 hours: 8-12 per day

Next few months: every 3-4 hours with one or two night feedings

Approximately 6 months: babies breastfeed every 4 hours with no night feedings

Question 12

Duration of feedings

Answer 12

First 6 weeks: infant is developing musculature involved in feeding
–makes each feeding take longer (can take as long as 45 minutes)

> 6 weeks = less time required

Question 13

Energy nutrients

Answer 13

Recommended distribution of energy nutrients very different from that of adults
–much less energy requirements come from PRO and CHO, a lot of energy requirements coming from fat for infants

Question 14

Immunological Protection

Answer 14

Breastmilk is sterile and maintains sterility at room temperature for nearly 8 hours

Question 15

Immunological Protection: Colostrum

Answer 15

First secretion from the breast following delivery

–high in antibodies and WBCs from the mother jump start the infant’s own immunity

Question 16

Immunological Protection: Bifidus Factors

Answer 16

Go to the infant’s gut and help support the right gut flora so the baby will have a healthy gut

Question 17

Immunological Protection: Other protective factors

Answer 17

Reduce ear and respiratory infection and gut-related illnesses

Question 18

Infant formula composition

Answer 18

Attempt to copy composition of breast milk
Most are iron-fortified
Some are now fortified with DHA and AA to more closely mimic breast milk

Question 19

Does infant formula contain antibodies?

Answer 19

No

Question 20

Infant formula preparation

Answer 20

Safe water

• -lead contaminated = lead poisoning
• -rural areas and those on well water = bacterial impurities

Appropriate mixing
–must follow the mixing guidelines to deliver appropriate nutrition (i.e.: do NOT water it down)

Must be used immediately after mixing to maintain sterility

Question 21

Is formula expensive?

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

Infant formula standards

Answer 22

Developed based on breast milk concentrations of nutrients from “human milk taken from well-nourished mothers during the first or second month”

Some variation in nutrients purported to provide other benefits
–ex: easy digestion, brain and eye

Question 23

Special infant formulas

Answer 23

Developed to provide nutrition for infants with special conditions/diseases

Question 24

Special infant formulas: Soy formula

Answer 24

Good for allergy to cow’s milk proteins and for lactose intolerance (uses cornstarch for CHO)

If they are n’t necessary due to medical or ethical (i.e.: veganism) reasons, standard formulas are a better chioce

Question 25

Special infant formulas: Inappropriate formulas

Answer 25

No other mama’s milk is appropriate

No “milk” of any bean or nut is appropriate

Question 26

Nursing Bottle Tooth Decay (aka baby bottle tooth decay)

Answer 26

Occurs when a CHO-rich liquid is allowed to sit in the child’s mouth for an extended period of time

Allows bacteria in the mouth to sue the CHO liquid as fuel, secreting acid as a metabolic by product

Eats the enamel of the tooth = tooth decay

Question 27

Nursing Bottle Tooth Decay: prevention

Answer 27

Never put a baby to bed with a bottle

Question 28

Introduction to Solid Foods: Cow’s Milk

Answer 28

Not advised before age 1

Children 1-2 years of age:
–whole milk to provide adequate energy sources

Children aged 2-5:
–gradual transition from whole to lower-fat milks

Over consumption can displace food = decrease consumption of some nutrients (ex: iron)

Question 29

Introduction to Solid Foods: Solids

Answer 29

Introduction is between 4 and 6 months

–developmental capable = able to sit up with a steady hand, swallowing ability refined

Question 30

Introduction to Solid Foods: Purpose of Solid Foods

Answer 30

Provide nutrients no longer supplied in an adequate amount of breast milk alone

• -Iron = first food often iron-fortified nonallergenic cereal such as rich cereal
• -Vitamin C = vegetables and fruits often follow rice cereal

Question 31

Introduction to Solid Foods: Foods to Omit

Answer 31

Concentrated sweets = provide nothing but kcalories

Sugar alcohols = diarrhea
–found in sugar free candies and foods

Canned foods = excessive sodium
–try fresh or frozen foods instead of canned

Honey and corn syrup = risk of botulism