Ch. 15 Infancy (tegrity) Flashcards
Infant growth during first year
Growth reflected in nutrient intake
- -birth weight doubles by about 6 months and triples by 1 year
- -infants length increases by about 50% of birth length
Recorded and assessed via growth charts
Energy requirement
Twice that of an adult relatively (i.e.: kcal/kg)
Requirements based upon
- -first 6 months = average intake of full-term, breast-fed infants
- -months 6-12 = average intake of breast milk and solid foods of full term infants
Do infants need CHO?
Yes
Brain size
Brain size increase relative to body weight = greater relative need to support brain function
Fat
Primary energy source of infant
Concentrated source of kcalories = necessary to support growth
Protein
Protein overload can easily occur
Kidneys and liver are too immature to handle excess
Vitamins and Minerals
Infants don’t need a lot of Vitamin B6 and Iron
Infants DO need a lot of Vitamin D and Iodine
Water
Greater percent of infant weight is water with most of it extracellular
Immature kidneys cannot concentrate urine
Risk of dehydration more than adults
Practice of breastfeeding
Exclusive breastfeeding recommended for the first 6 months
Frequency of feedings
Duration of feedings
Energy nutrients
Exclusive breastfeeding recommended for the first 6 months
Introduction of complementary foods + breast milk recommended until 12 months
Note: duration of breastfeeding is as long as mother and child are comfortable continuing
Should breastfeeding not be desired, iron-fortified formal is the ONLY acceptable solution
Frequency of feedings
First 6 weeks feedings are about every 2 hours: 8-12 per day
Next few months: every 3-4 hours with one or two night feedings
Approximately 6 months: babies breastfeed every 4 hours with no night feedings
Duration of feedings
First 6 weeks: infant is developing musculature involved in feeding
–makes each feeding take longer (can take as long as 45 minutes)
> 6 weeks = less time required
Energy nutrients
Recommended distribution of energy nutrients very different from that of adults
–much less energy requirements come from PRO and CHO, a lot of energy requirements coming from fat for infants
Immunological Protection
Breastmilk is sterile and maintains sterility at room temperature for nearly 8 hours
Immunological Protection: Colostrum
First secretion from the breast following delivery
–high in antibodies and WBCs from the mother jump start the infant’s own immunity
Immunological Protection: Bifidus Factors
Go to the infant’s gut and help support the right gut flora so the baby will have a healthy gut
Immunological Protection: Other protective factors
Reduce ear and respiratory infection and gut-related illnesses
Infant formula composition
Attempt to copy composition of breast milk
Most are iron-fortified
Some are now fortified with DHA and AA to more closely mimic breast milk
Does infant formula contain antibodies?
No
Infant formula preparation
Safe water
- -lead contaminated = lead poisoning
- -rural areas and those on well water = bacterial impurities
Appropriate mixing
–must follow the mixing guidelines to deliver appropriate nutrition (i.e.: do NOT water it down)
Must be used immediately after mixing to maintain sterility
Is formula expensive?
Yes
Infant formula standards
Developed based on breast milk concentrations of nutrients from “human milk taken from well-nourished mothers during the first or second month”
Some variation in nutrients purported to provide other benefits
–ex: easy digestion, brain and eye
Special infant formulas
Developed to provide nutrition for infants with special conditions/diseases
Special infant formulas: Soy formula
Good for allergy to cow’s milk proteins and for lactose intolerance (uses cornstarch for CHO)
If they are n’t necessary due to medical or ethical (i.e.: veganism) reasons, standard formulas are a better chioce
Special infant formulas: Inappropriate formulas
No other mama’s milk is appropriate
No “milk” of any bean or nut is appropriate
Nursing Bottle Tooth Decay (aka baby bottle tooth decay)
Occurs when a CHO-rich liquid is allowed to sit in the child’s mouth for an extended period of time
Allows bacteria in the mouth to sue the CHO liquid as fuel, secreting acid as a metabolic by product
Eats the enamel of the tooth = tooth decay
Nursing Bottle Tooth Decay: prevention
Never put a baby to bed with a bottle
Introduction to Solid Foods: Cow’s Milk
Not advised before age 1
Children 1-2 years of age:
–whole milk to provide adequate energy sources
Children aged 2-5:
–gradual transition from whole to lower-fat milks
Over consumption can displace food = decrease consumption of some nutrients (ex: iron)
Introduction to Solid Foods: Solids
Introduction is between 4 and 6 months
–developmental capable = able to sit up with a steady hand, swallowing ability refined
Introduction to Solid Foods: Purpose of Solid Foods
Provide nutrients no longer supplied in an adequate amount of breast milk alone
- -Iron = first food often iron-fortified nonallergenic cereal such as rich cereal
- -Vitamin C = vegetables and fruits often follow rice cereal
Introduction to Solid Foods: Foods to Omit
Concentrated sweets = provide nothing but kcalories
Sugar alcohols = diarrhea
–found in sugar free candies and foods
Canned foods = excessive sodium
–try fresh or frozen foods instead of canned
Honey and corn syrup = risk of botulism
