Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Diet Therapy 2380 > Ch. 26 Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

Ch. 26 Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

1
Q

In 2014, how many people in the US had diabetes?

A

29 million (9.3% of population)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common type of diabetes?

A

Type 2 (associated with obesity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which states have higher rates of diabetes in the US?

A

Southern states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Fairly rare

Caused by hormone (anti-diuretic hormone)

Seen with very increased thirst and urine output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Metabolic disorder caused by altered glucose regulation and utilization

Unable to secrete enough insulin, use insulin effectively, or both

Results in elevated glucose in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Type 1 Diabetes: Prevalence in diabetic population

A

5-10% of cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Type 1 Diabetes: Age of onset

A

less than 30 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Type 1 Diabetes: Associated conditions

A

Autoimmune disease, viral infection, inherited factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Type 1 Diabetes: Major defect

A

Destruction of pancreatic beta cells; insulin deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Type 1 Diabetes: Insulin Secretion

A

Little or none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Type 1 Diabetes: Requirement for insulin therapy

A

Always

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Type 1 Diabetes: Former names

A

Juvenile-onset diabetes

Insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Type 2 Diabetes: Prevalence in diabetic population

A

90-95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Type 2 Diabetes: Age of onset

A

older than 40 years

Seeing Type II in children because of obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Type 2: Associated conditions

A

Obesity, aging, inactivity, inherited factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Type 2: Major defect

A

Insulin resistance; insulin deficiency relative to needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Type 2: Insulin secretion

A

Varies; may be normal, increased, or decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Type 2: Requirement for insulin therapy

A

Sometimes

19
Q

Type 2: Former Names

A

Adult-onset diabetes

Non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM)

20
Q

Risk factors for pre-diabetes/Type II

A
  1. Ages older/equal to 45
  2. Overweight (BMI greater than/equal to 25)
  3. Family history
  4. Race/ethnicity: African American, Hispanic American, Native American, American Indian
  5. Glucose levels
  6. History gestational diabetes
  7. History of giving birth to baby weighing greater than 9lbs
21
Q

Diagnosis: A1c

A

Measures amount of glycated hemoglobin

Normal: less than 5.7%
Pre-diabetes: 5.7-6.4%
Diabetes: 6.5% +

22
Q

Diagnosis: Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) [mg/dL]

A

fast for 8-12 hours, blood drawn, measure glucose level

Normal: less than 100
Pre-diabetes: greater than or equal to 100-125
Diabetes: 126+

23
Q

Diagnosis: Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) [mg/dL]

A

glucose challenge, drink liquid, measure glucose levels 2 hours after

Normal: less than 140
Prediabetes: 140-199
Diabetes: 200+

24
Q

Glycated Hemoglobin

A

The more glucose you have, the more it’s glycated with hemoglobin
Assists healthcare providers to evaluate long-term glycemic control
Measure of glycemic control during previous 2-3 months

HbA1c: less than 6% for non-diabetic persons
HbA1c: less than 7% for DM patients

25
Q

What are the 2 diseases of long term complications?

A

Macrovascular Disease

Microvascular Disease

26
Q

Macrovascular Disease

A

Damage to heart, brain, periphery (larger blood vessels)

Perhaps more closely related to hyperglycemia

27
Q

Microvascular Disease

A

Damage to nerve, eyes, kidneys (smaller blood vessels affected)

28
Q

Result of Macrovascular Disease

A 
MI = myocardial infarction
Stroke (CVA)
Peripheral Vascular Disease
--decrease circulation to arms and legs
--can be a contributing factor to foot ulcers
29
Q

Result of Microvascular Disease: Eyes

A

Retinopathy

Diabetes is leading cause of blindness in US

30
Q

Result of Microvascular Disease: Nerves

A

Neuropathy

Peripheral Neuropathy:
–watch for gastroparesis

31
Q

Gastroparesis

A

Delayed stomach emptying

–person can experience nausea, discomfort, vomiting…

32
Q

Result of Microvascular Disease: Kidneys

A

Nephropathy

Diabetes is leading cause of kidney disease in US

Usually takes about 10-15 years before signs of kidney disease occur

33
Q

S/S Hyperglycemia

A

*Polydipsia (increased thirst)
*Polyuria (increased urine)
*Polyphagia (increased hunger)
Weight loss
Blurred vision
Fatigue
Glycosuria (glucose in urine)
Acetone breath
Labored breathing (lungs have to work extremely hard to restore pH balance)

*Main S/S of hyperglycemia

34
Q

S/S Hypoglycemia

A 
Shakes
Sweats
Blurred vision
Confusion
Headaches
35
Q

Nutrient Recommendations: CHO

A

~50% total kcalories

  • -high fiber, whole grain
  • -AMDR range: 45-65% for healthy population
36
Q

Nutrient Recommendations: Fiber

A

Same as general population

  • -women: 25 g/d
  • -men: 38 g/d
37
Q

Nutrient Recommendations: Sugar

A

Minimize foods and drinks with added sugars

38
Q

Nutrient Recommendations: Fat

A

Same as general population

39
Q

Nutrient Recommendations: PRO

A

~15-20% kcalories

40
Q

Nutrient Recommendations: Alcohol

A

General population BUT effect on glucose-depends on amount of ETOH and food consumed

S/S hypoglycemia similar to inebriation

kcal
Increased triglycerides (TG)
41
Q

Nutrient Recommendations: Micronutrients

A

Same as general population

42
Q

Primary Sources of CHO

A 
Breads, crackers, cereal
NOT just starches
Pasta, rice, grains
Starchy vegetables
Non-starchy vegetables
Milk, yogurt
Fruits and juices
Sweets and desserts

–>15g CHO in one serving

43
Q

Meal Planning: Basic CHO Counting

A

Basic CHO concepts:

  • -teaches client to focus mainly on CHO content of foods
  • -use tables, exchange lists, food labels, etc. to determine amount of CHO consumed
  • -consistent CHO intake
  • -portion control
  • -still need to watch total kcals if Type II and trying to lose weight
  • -key: education on CHO and CHO sources

Diet Therapy 2380 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions