Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Diet Therapy 2380 > Ch. 14 Pregnancy and Lactation (tegrity) > Flashcards

Ch. 14 Pregnancy and Lactation (tegrity) Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition before pregnancy

A 
Achieve and maintain a healthy weight (men and women)
Choose an adequate balanced diet
Be physically active
Get regular medical checkups
Manage chronic conditions
Avoid harmful substances and behaviors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Growth and Development

A

Besides the fetus, there is also the placenta, amniotic sac, and umbilical cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What factors can increase the risk for neural tube defects?

A 
Family history of neural tube defect
Maternal diabetes
Certain medication use
Folate deficiency or problem processing
Maternal obesity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When did we start enriching grain products to reduce the risk for neural tube defects?

A

1995

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chronic Disease in Offspring

A

Maternal malnutrition = linked to offspring with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome

Decreased growth during placental development = link to offspring with HTN
–placental development occurs extremely early, before women even know they’re pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fetal Programming

A

Mother’s nutrition may change gene expression in fetus

–ex: mother consumes a lot of added sugar, gene expression adapts to help baby deal with excess sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Maternal Weight

A

Birth weight is most reliable indicator of infant’s health

Maternal weight prior to conception:

  • -influences fetal growth
  • -underweight - increased rates of preterm births, infant deaths
  • -overweight and obesity (medical complications and risks for infant)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Weight Gain

A

Indicates fetal growth and maternal health

Correlated with fetal birth weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Weight Gain patterns

A

3.5 pounds in 1st trimester
1 pound per week after 1st trimester
–average birthweight in US = 7.5 pounds
–mother’s fat stores: varies in every pregnant woman

Large weight gain over short time
–preeclampsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Weight loss after pregnancy

A

Retain a couple of pounds with each pregnancy
Seven or more pounds: BMI increases 1 unit
–diabetes and HTN
–chronic diseases later in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Meeting energy and nutrient needs

A

Make careful selections - nutrient density
Body maximizes absorption [through gut]
Body minimizes losses [through kidneys]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Energy

A

NO INCREASE IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER
–you do NOT need to eat for two

15 to 20% more energy than before pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Macronutrients during Pregnancy

A

CHO:
–necessary for fuel of the developing fetus (fetus prefers to run on glucose)

PRO:
–additional 25 grams per day

Essential fatty acids:
–Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids for brain development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Blood production and cell growth

A 
Fetal growth and development
Maternal RBC mass
Need for synthesis of DNA and new cells
Increases need for:
--folate, vitamin B12, iron, zinc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Women who made good food choices typically do not require supplements. What is the exception to this statement?

A

Iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prenatal supplements

A

Great source of folate and iron

Poor source of calcium and vitamin D

17
Q

Benefits of use

A

Decreased low birth weights and birth defects

Most effect seen in high risk mothers (substance abuse, multiple fetuses [twins, triplets…])

18
Q

Low birth weight (LBW)

A

5.5 pounds or less
Risk of complications are much greater
Strong relationship with socioeconomic status (SES)

19
Q

Gestational age: Preterm

A

Before 37 weeks gestation, but appropriate weight

Can “catch up” with growth and development

Most cause for concern if baby is delivered before lungs are adequately developed

20
Q

Gestational age: Small-for-gestational-age

A

Growth failure in uterus

Typically do to “catch up” well

21
Q

Malnutrition

A

Effects on early pregnancy

  • -impaired placenta development
  • -dysfunctional placenta = poorly nourished fetus (can lead to miscarriage)

Effects on fetal development
–growth retardation, birth defects, miscarriage, preterm birth, and LBW

22
Q

Preexisting Diabetes

A

Preconception: unmanaged diabetes leads to infertility

Those with diabetes: extreme blood sugar fluctuations, preterm labor, pregnancy related to HTN

23
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

1 in 25 women develop it (very common)
Common consequences:
–high birth weight = macrosomia
–uncontrolled: birth defects

Dietary recommendations

  • -first line of treatment
  • -consistent CHO throughout the day
  • ->minimizes blood sugar fluctuations
  • -only use of insulin if necessary to control hyperglycemia
  • ->extremely rare to use a pill for gestational diabetes
24
Q

Chronic HTN

A

Risks to mother: stroke and heart attack

Risk to fetus: separation of placenta from uterus prior to delivery = fetal death

25
Q

Gestational HTN

A

High BP in the 2nd trimester and on

Typically BP returns to normal following delivery
Can progress to preeclampsia

26
Q

Preeclampsia

A

high BP and protein in urine

Risks for mother: decreased blood flow to organs

Risks for fetus:

  • -decreased blood flow to placenta = decreased fetal growth
  • -increased risk of miscarriage
27
Q

Eclampsia

A

Sudden seizures or coma
Develops from preeclampsia
Treatment first includes decreasing BP and controlling seizure
Labor is induced, perhaps requiring a C-section

28
Q

What is the highest cause for fetal and maternal deaths during childbirth?

A

BP issues

29
Q

Maternal Age: Adolescents

A

Compete for nutritions for growth and fetal development
Decreased risk of pregnancy with early prenatal care

Weight gain = normal adolescent weight gain + pregnancy weight gain
–significantly greater weight gains

30
Q

Maternal Age: Older women (≥ 35)

A

Complications often reflect chronic conditions
C-section rates 2x as high as younger women
Maternal death rates are higher

Risks for fetus

  • -increased rate of preterm birth and children with genetic abnormalities
  • -fetal death is twice as high
31
Q

Lactation: A Physiological Process

A

Hormones promote growth and branching of duct system and milk-producing cells

Prolactin: milk production
Oxytocin: milk ejection
Triggered by infant demand for milk

99% of women are capable of lactation and milk production

32
Q

Breastfeeding: a learned behavior

A

Lactation is an automatic, physiological process
Breastfeeding is a learned behavior

Factors influencing breastfeeding and its success:

  • -partner’s support
  • -adequate nutrition and rest
33
Q

Who requires more energy: a lactating mother or a pregnant mother?

A

Lactating mother

It takes more energy to make breast milk than to make a baby and be pregnant

34
Q

A lactating mother requires how much energy intake?

A

Almost 500 extra kcal per day

35
Q

Lactation: energy nutrients

A

Recommendations increase for CHO and fiber

Protein and fats stay roughly the same as during pregnancy

36
Q

Lactation: vitamins and minerals

A

Inadequacies reduce the quantity, not the quality of breast milk

Prolonged inadequate intakes lead to inadequacies

Diet Therapy 2380 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions