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second half of anatomy II > ch 25 urinary system p2 > Flashcards

ch 25 urinary system p2 Flashcards

1
Q

diuresis

A

urine formation

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2
Q

steps of diuresis in short

A

glomerular filtration, reabsorption, secretion

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3
Q

glomerular filtration

A

production of a cell and protein free filtrate that serves as the raw material for urine. pressures free fluid out glo cap and into glo capsule

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4
Q

where does glomerular filtration occur

A

renal corpuscle

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5
Q

filtration membrane allows for

A

water passage and small solutes into glo capsule

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6
Q

foot processes podocytes

A

food processes create filtration silts, which prevent passage of macromolecules and large stuff to go to filtrate. PODOCYTES OVERLAP, OVERLAP LEAVES SPACE FOR ONLY SMALL SUBSTANCES

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7
Q

filtration pressures

A

pressures that force fluid in or out of glomerulus

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8
Q

outward pressure

A

promotes filtrate formation, the hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPGC) makes BP of glo caps force fluid out of glomrerulus into space of glomerular capsule. fluid from capillary into glomerular capsule

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9
Q

outward pressure in glomerulus is always

A

high! necessary bc dif in size pf arteriole feeds or drains, comes in hydrostatic pressure of glo caps, more pressure is more fluid out across wall. without outward pressure, nothing would get across the wall

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10
Q

inward pressure

A

opposes filtrate formation, hydrostatic pressure in capsule space (HPCS) and colloid osmotic pressure in glo caps here (OPGC). fluid goes. from glo capsule to glo cap

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11
Q

hydrostatic pressure in capsule space (HPCS)

A

pressure exerted by filtrate that is already in the glomerular capsule, drawing fluid back in the capillary

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12
Q

colloid osmotic pressure in glo caps here (OPGC)

A

proteins that are still in capillaries pool water back in, water follows solute so some goes back in

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13
Q

positive net filter pressure means

A

always forming filtrate, more fluid comes back

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14
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

total volume of filtrate formed per minute for all nephrons in kidneys

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15
Q

what factors affect GFR

A

net filtration pressure, SA of capillaries, filtration membrane permeability

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16
Q

what is the rate of filtration in kidneys

A

125 mL filtrate per minute

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17
Q

how does SA affect GFR

A

stuff must pass capillaries, more filtrate must form, so increase GFR

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18
Q

filtration occurs for what length of a glomerular capillary

A

the entire length

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19
Q

how is filtration different in glomerular capillary compared to other body capillaries

A

more permeable, so more substances cross and more filtrate forms. occurs along entire glomerular cap seen no where else, usually just filters on arteriole end. this is bc of the high pressure always making the filtrate

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20
Q

regulation of GFR happens so strictly why

A

kidneys need constant GFR to make filtrate and maintain extracellular homeostasis. regulating GFR regulates BP in entire body!!!

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21
Q

to change BP, what must be regulated

A

the GFR

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22
Q

primary variable controlled is what for regulation of GFR

A

HPGC, when it increases, NFP and GFR also increase. when it decreases, NFP and GFR decrease.

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23
Q

is control in glomerular filtration rate intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

BOTH!!!!!! intrinsic is from renal extrinsic is from CNS

24
Q

renal auto regulation

A

intrinsic, kidneys adjust resistance to blood flow
maintains GFR for BP ranging from 80-180 mmHg

25
myogenic mechanism of renal auto regulation
rising systemic BP stretches afferent arteriole, so the systemic BP increases and walls of arteriole contract. diameter decrease so blood decrease to glo cap, so not too much pressure happens! same can be done opposite for more pressure- overall blood flow into glomerulus restricted to maintain GFR at desirable rate
26
tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of renal autoregulation
controlled by macula dense, which monitors NaCl concentrations. GFR increase means decrease absorption rate, bc too much too fast n tubules for sodium to reabsorb
27
what happens when we increase GFR, which decreases reabsorption rate
macula densa causes vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole, decreasing blood flow to glomerulus, so filtration rate decreases and sodium gets reabsorbed more
28
neural mechanisms of glomerular filtration rate
extrinsic, and sympathetic NS will override renal auto regulation. NEPI will be released by sympathetic system in response to low BP. so vascular smooth muscle will contract
29
when and why do we use neural mechanisms, where the symp NS will override renal autoregulation
it is a desperation moment, when BP is way too low, so brain will increase pressure to brain and vital organs. less blood means less urine and more water retained to stabilize BP. less blood in glo cap to decrease filtration, afferent will constrict and pressure increases in arteriole, long time period could cause kidney failure.
30
hormonal mechanisms of glomerular filtration rate
extrinsic, the renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism overall effect is to increase BP. so GFR decreases and BP and BV decreases, so this mechanism will increase BP to stimulate renin release.
31
hormonal mechanism of glo filtration rate
granular cells of JGC stimulated to release renin, activation of granular cells to release renin can involve stimulation by sympathetic NS, activated macula densa cells, and reduced arteriole wall stretch occurs. so less blood flow and pressure in afferent arteriole, then renin goes to increase pressure
32
reabsorption in renal physiology
selectively moving substances from the filtrate back into the blood. 99% IS REABSORBED by body, substances can move between or thru kidney tubule cells
33
paracellular means q
substances move between kidney tubule cells
34
transcellular means
substances move through kidney tubule cells
35
why is reabsorption necessary
remove all from blood except RBC and protein to bring it back for B
36
reabsorption of Na process
transcellular, active process, most abundant cation in body so happens a lot
37
rebabsorption of nutrients and ions
transcellular or paracellular, nutrients r co transported with Na transcellularly and ions
38
reabsorption of water in renal physiology
some H2O is absorbed via the paracellular route, which is passive but there are also aquaporins to allow water to cross plasma membrane of tubule cell.
38
aquaporin is
a transmembrane protein allowing water to cross plasma membrane of tubule cell
39
PCT has many aquaporins meaning,
water is always absorbed there
40
collected ducts don't have aquaporins until
antidiuretic hormones(ADH) is present- fine tune how much water exactly
41
any pathway using protein
transport maximum (TM)
42
more transport proteins mean
more amount absorbed
43
what happens s when all transport proteins for a particular substance are bound
proteins cannot move extra stuff, only bind however much more. Sometimes all extra substance cannot be moved so it'll leave body in urine (diabetes)
44
reabsorption in PCT
contains villi and microvilli
45
why r villi and microvilli important for reabsorption
much more SA, so substance must pass membrane and stuff will cross !
46
what is reabsorbed in the PCT
glucose, amino acids, nutrients, wate, Na+, electrolytes, uric acid and urea
47
uric acid and urea being reabsorbed here is weird because
metabolic waste must leave , but get reabsorbed bc its passive, we cannot stop the reabsorption of it
48
reabsorption in the nephron loop
water reabsorption is not coupled to solute reabsorption. water can leave descending limb but no ascending limb solutes can leave the ascending limb but nit the descending limb
49
important of reabsorption in the nephron loop
difference in permeability between the ascending limb and descending allows nephron to form dilute or conc urine very conc
50
reabsorption in DCT and collection ducts
fine tuning here, most water and solutes have already been reabsorbed by PCT and nephron loop
51
hormonal control of reabsorption in DCT and collecting duct
ADH antidiueretic hormone- inhibits urine formation by increasing water reabsorption to blood aldosterone- promotes Na+ reabsorption by principal cells of collecting ducts
52
more on ADH
inhibits urine formation by increasing water reabsorption to blood. if water is returned to blood, will not be put into urine. aquaporins inserted into collecting ducts- ADH is directly proportional to aquaporin number
53
ANP does what (atria natriuretic peptide)
inhibits Na+ reabsorption in collecting ducts, opposite of aldosterone so urine formation increase bc water increases
54
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
increases reabsorption of Ca2+ in the DCT, too low Ca means PTh comes and release and tubule reabsorbs Ca+

second half of anatomy II (15 decks)

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