ch 24 metabolism p1 Flashcards
metabolism
what happens to nutrients after they are in the body
macronutrients
carbs lipids and proteins, most of the diet
micronutrients
vitamins and minerals, only needed in small amount
carbs
mostly from plants, but also lactose in dairy and glycogen in meat
use of carbs
ATP production by body, nucleic acid synthesis with pentose sugars, glycoalyx formation
glycoalyx
sugar coating of body cells, identify what belongs vs not for immune
glucose
produces ATP! only monosaccharide that does that
carbs should be how much of calorie s
45-60%
complex carbs
grains and plant based resources that are unprocessed, nutrient rich and dense. can be vitamins and minerals too
empty carbs
processed sugars, all nutritional value gets lost during processing that’s what its empty. ADIPOSEE
lipids sources in diet
triglycerides and cholesterol
triglyceride types
saturated- meat dairy margarine, solid at room temp packed close
unsatured- nuts seeds olive oil, fluid at room temp spread apart particles
how we use lipids
build adipose, phospholipids used for cell membranes, bile salt steroid hormones (molecule construction), absorb fat soluble vitamins
how much % should lipids make up
20-35%
which fat do drs say to limit
saturated fat and cholesterol. saturated stays solid at room temp to sticks to body temperatures.
proteins sources
complete- meet all body amino acid requirements (meet egg dairy fish)
incomplete- short one amino acid, plant based (seeds nuts legumes)
only complete plant protein
soybeans
protein uses
structural- keratin collagen elastin and muslce proteins
functional- enzymes and hormones
protein should be how much per kg body weight
.8 G protein per kg
nitrogen balance
when rate of protein synthesis equals rate of protein breakdown in body
positive vs negative nitrogen balance
positive- protein synth > protein breakdown (growing children and pregnant women and tissue repair) CONSUME MORE THAN BREAKDOWN
neagtive- protein breakdown > protein synth (stress, low protein in diet, starvation) TOO MUCH BREAKDOWN
when are amino acids NOT used by the body
inadequate dietary intake- short of carbs or fats forces body to use protein energy source
insufficient amino acid supply- need all amino acids to build protein so if one is missing cannot do anything. body won’t use it
hormonal control- new slide
hormonal control
anabolic hormones promote protein synthesis and growth, adrenal glucocorticoids (stress) promote protein breakdown.
vitamins act as what to assist enzymes in accomplishing tasks
coenzymes
how do vitamins act as coenzymes
hold onto something enzyme cannot hold on to (chemical groups) by itself, catalyzes the reaction by binding.
vitamins made by body vs diet
body- D in skin and K/B in flora
diet- all of them
water soluble vs fat soluble vitamins what they mean n are
water- BC (can only eb absorbed when taken in with water)
fat- ADEK (only absorbed when taken with lipid source)
vitamin overload
concerned with fat soluble vitamins, nausea and vomit happens
minerals purpose n what r they
legumes, vegerables, dairy
structural purpose
balance of minerals is done thru
uptake and excretion balance, ex iron overdose, low iodine and goiters, high Na intake or fluid retention
metabolism and metabolic reactions
sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the cells of body that is used to provide energy for vital processes and synthesizing new materials
anabolic reactions
larger, more complex molecules and structures from smaller subdivisions
catabolic reactions
breaks down larger to smaller, cellular respiration is a group of reactions that form ATP from breakdown of food fuels (glucose)
oxidation reactions
loss of electrons, gain in O2, loss h+
reduction reactions
gain electrons, gains H+, loss in O2
redox reactions aree important bc
one substance loses and other gains electron to complement it, cellular respiration is a chain of redox reactions. how we make cellular ATP!!!
redox reactions are catalyzed by
enzymes and coenzymes
most coenzymes come from
B complex vitamins
most important coenzymes for temporary binding
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)- vitamin B3
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) - vitamin B2
most preferred source by body for ATP production
glucose
all carbs brought into body will be converted into
glucose.
when glucose is inside cell, converted to
glucose 6 phosphate
why is glucose 6 phosphate important
everything in body goes high to low with concentration gradient. keeps intracellular glucose levels low, so cell can keep taking in glucose. provides raw material!!
glucose plus ATP goes to
glucose 6 PO4 plus ADP
substrate level phosphorylation
directly transfer phosphate group to ADP molecule, stick phosphate for ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
transfer of a phosphate group to an ADP molecule by oxidation of food fuels and transfer of electrons
glycolysis and citric acid cycle net gains how much ATP
4 atp
electron transport chain gains how much ATP
28 atp, so most of the ATP
how much ATP can one single glucose molecule yield
32 total.
glucose oxidation is what reaction
glucose (c6h12o6) plus 6o2 goes to 6 water plus 6 co2 plus 32 ATP plus heat
sequential pathways of glucose breakdown
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
glycolysis
in cytosol of cell, an anaerobic process, glucose goes in and comes out with 2 PYRUVIC ACID, 2 NADH PLUS H+, net gain of 2 ATP
