ch 24 metabolism p1

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

what happens to nutrients after they are in the body

Question 2

macronutrients

Answer 2

carbs lipids and proteins, most of the diet

Question 3

micronutrients

Answer 3

vitamins and minerals, only needed in small amount

Question 4

carbs

Answer 4

mostly from plants, but also lactose in dairy and glycogen in meat

Question 5

use of carbs

Answer 5

ATP production by body, nucleic acid synthesis with pentose sugars, glycoalyx formation

Question 6

glycoalyx

Answer 6

sugar coating of body cells, identify what belongs vs not for immune

Question 7

glucose

Answer 7

produces ATP! only monosaccharide that does that

Question 8

carbs should be how much of calorie s

Answer 8

45-60%

Question 9

complex carbs

Answer 9

grains and plant based resources that are unprocessed, nutrient rich and dense. can be vitamins and minerals too

Question 10

empty carbs

Answer 10

processed sugars, all nutritional value gets lost during processing that’s what its empty. ADIPOSEE

Question 11

lipids sources in diet

Answer 11

triglycerides and cholesterol

Question 12

triglyceride types

Answer 12

saturated- meat dairy margarine, solid at room temp packed close
unsatured- nuts seeds olive oil, fluid at room temp spread apart particles

Question 13

how we use lipids

Answer 13

build adipose, phospholipids used for cell membranes, bile salt steroid hormones (molecule construction), absorb fat soluble vitamins

Question 14

how much % should lipids make up

Answer 14

20-35%

Question 15

which fat do drs say to limit

Answer 15

saturated fat and cholesterol. saturated stays solid at room temp to sticks to body temperatures.

Question 16

proteins sources

Answer 16

complete- meet all body amino acid requirements (meet egg dairy fish)
incomplete- short one amino acid, plant based (seeds nuts legumes)

Question 17

only complete plant protein

Answer 17

soybeans

Question 18

protein uses

Answer 18

structural- keratin collagen elastin and muslce proteins
functional- enzymes and hormones

Question 19

protein should be how much per kg body weight

Answer 19

.8 G protein per kg

Question 20

nitrogen balance

Answer 20

when rate of protein synthesis equals rate of protein breakdown in body

Question 21

positive vs negative nitrogen balance

Answer 21

positive- protein synth > protein breakdown (growing children and pregnant women and tissue repair) CONSUME MORE THAN BREAKDOWN
neagtive- protein breakdown > protein synth (stress, low protein in diet, starvation) TOO MUCH BREAKDOWN

Question 22

when are amino acids NOT used by the body

Answer 22

inadequate dietary intake- short of carbs or fats forces body to use protein energy source
insufficient amino acid supply- need all amino acids to build protein so if one is missing cannot do anything. body won’t use it
hormonal control- new slide

Question 23

hormonal control

Answer 23

anabolic hormones promote protein synthesis and growth, adrenal glucocorticoids (stress) promote protein breakdown.

Question 24

vitamins act as what to assist enzymes in accomplishing tasks

Answer 24

coenzymes

Question 25

how do vitamins act as coenzymes

Answer 25

hold onto something enzyme cannot hold on to (chemical groups) by itself, catalyzes the reaction by binding.

Question 26

vitamins made by body vs diet

Answer 26

body- D in skin and K/B in flora diet- all of them

Question 27

water soluble vs fat soluble vitamins what they mean n are

Answer 27

water- BC (can only eb absorbed when taken in with water) fat- ADEK (only absorbed when taken with lipid source)

Question 28

vitamin overload

Answer 28

concerned with fat soluble vitamins, nausea and vomit happens

Question 29

minerals purpose n what r they

Answer 29

legumes, vegerables, dairy structural purpose

Question 30

balance of minerals is done thru

Answer 30

uptake and excretion balance, ex iron overdose, low iodine and goiters, high Na intake or fluid retention

Question 31

metabolism and metabolic reactions

Answer 31

sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the cells of body that is used to provide energy for vital processes and synthesizing new materials

Question 32

anabolic reactions

Answer 32

larger, more complex molecules and structures from smaller subdivisions

Question 33

catabolic reactions

Answer 33

breaks down larger to smaller, cellular respiration is a group of reactions that form ATP from breakdown of food fuels (glucose)

Question 34

oxidation reactions

Answer 34

loss of electrons, gain in O2, loss h+

Question 35

reduction reactions

Answer 35

gain electrons, gains H+, loss in O2

Question 36

redox reactions aree important bc

Answer 36

one substance loses and other gains electron to complement it, cellular respiration is a chain of redox reactions. how we make cellular ATP!!!

Question 37

redox reactions are catalyzed by

Answer 37

enzymes and coenzymes

Question 38

most coenzymes come from

Answer 38

B complex vitamins

Question 39

most important coenzymes for temporary binding

Answer 39

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)- vitamin B3 flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) - vitamin B2

Question 40

most preferred source by body for ATP production

Answer 40

glucose

Question 41

all carbs brought into body will be converted into

Answer 41

glucose.

Question 42

when glucose is inside cell, converted to

Answer 42

glucose 6 phosphate

Question 43

why is glucose 6 phosphate important

Answer 43

everything in body goes high to low with concentration gradient. keeps intracellular glucose levels low, so cell can keep taking in glucose. provides raw material!!

Question 44

glucose plus ATP goes to

Answer 44

glucose 6 PO4 plus ADP

Question 45

substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 45

directly transfer phosphate group to ADP molecule, stick phosphate for ATP

Question 46

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 46

transfer of a phosphate group to an ADP molecule by oxidation of food fuels and transfer of electrons

Question 47

glycolysis and citric acid cycle net gains how much ATP

Answer 47

4 atp

Question 48

electron transport chain gains how much ATP

Answer 48

28 atp, so most of the ATP

Question 49

how much ATP can one single glucose molecule yield

Answer 49

32 total.

Question 50

glucose oxidation is what reaction

Answer 50

glucose (c6h12o6) plus 6o2 goes to 6 water plus 6 co2 plus 32 ATP plus heat

Question 51

sequential pathways of glucose breakdown

Answer 51

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 52

glycolysis

Answer 52

in cytosol of cell, an anaerobic process, glucose goes in and comes out with 2 PYRUVIC ACID, 2 NADH PLUS H+, net gain of 2 ATP