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second half of anatomy II > ch 25 urinary system p3 > Flashcards

ch 25 urinary system p3 Flashcards

1
Q

secretion in renal physiology

A

selectively moving substances from the blood, back into filtrate, so reabsorption in reverse

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2
Q

where does secretion usually occur in renal physiology

A

PCT, but also occurs in collecting duct

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3
Q

functions of secretion in renal physiology

A

eliminates waste and undesrieable material that r passively absorbed… like Nitrogen waste and uric acid
rids body of excess K+ in DCT and collecting ducts
controls acid base balance and blood pH, secretion of excess H+ or HCO3

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4
Q

regulate urine concentration and volume

A

normal solute concentration of body fluid and ICF is 300 mOsm

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5
Q
A
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6
Q
A
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7
Q

secretion in renal physiology

A

selectively moving substances from blood and back into filtrate, so reabsorption in reverse

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8
Q

main site of secretion in renal physiology

A

PCT, occurs in collecting duct too

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9
Q

functions of secretion

A

eliminates waste n stuff that is passively absorbed like nitrogenous and uric acid
rids body of excess K+ in DCT and collecting ducts
controls acid base balance and blood pH (secretes H+ and HCO3-

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10
Q

normal solute conc of body fluids and ICF is

A

300 mOsm

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11
Q

osmolality is high during where

A

dehydration

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12
Q

osmolality is low where

A

during overhydration

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13
Q

why is it true that osmolality is high during dehydration and low during over hydration

A

ECF is hypertonic to cells so cells shrivel, ECF is hypotonic dilute cells and smell

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14
Q

what happens to urine production and urine concentration when water intake is low

A

less conc urine so we reabsorb water

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15
Q

what happens to urine concentration and production when water intake is high

A

lots of dilute urine to rid water excess

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16
Q

how does body maintain constant osmolality

A

countercurrent exchange mechanism, countercurrent multiplier, countercurrent exchange.

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17
Q

countercurrent exchange mechanism

A

movement of fluids in the opposite direction through nephron loop allows exchange of material

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18
Q

countercurrent multiplier

A

occurs in ascending and descending limb of juxtamedullary nephron loops

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19
Q

function of counter current multiplier

A

movement of solutes and water out of nephron loop allows for formation of concentrated urine

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20
Q

counter cyurrent exchange

A

flow of blood through vasa recta

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21
Q

function of vasa recta

A

it reabsorbs water t maintain gradient of multiplier

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22
Q

countercurrent exchange mechanism establishes a

A

medullary osmotic gradient, so kidneys can vary in urine conc

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23
Q

ascending limb vs descending limb permeability

A

ascending limb permeable to solutes, descending limb permeable to water only

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24
Q

solutes get pumped out of ascending limb filtrate and into medullary space

A

so more Na+ and osmotic gradient with a stronger gradient occurs

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25
solute concentration of medullary space
more Na+ and a stronger gradient where NaCl is higher on the outside nephron than inside. salty medullary space
26
countercurrent exchange
maintains osmotic gradient established in multiplier b
27
how does the counter current exchange maintain the osmotic gradient established prior by the multiplier
prevents removal of Na and Cl from interstitial space. removes water from interstitial place, absorbed into the bloodstream
28
what structure reabsorbs the water from interstitial space
the vasa recta
29
urea does what to osmolality
strengthens osmotic gradient
30
urea recycling and osmotic gradient
urea enters filtrate in ascending limb, moves into interstitial fluid, and eventually moves back into ascending limb
31
what follows urea into ascending limb
water
32
diuretics
anything enhancing urine output
33
things that are diuretics
alcohol which inhibits ADH by posterior pituitary, hypertension drugs, edema and congestion drugs, osmotic and loop diuretics
34
osmotic diuretics r
any substance that is not reabsorbed by the body and carries water with it. like glucose in diabetes
35
loop diuretics
prevent formation of osmotic gradient by countercurrent multiplier acting on ascending limb. so no NaCl leaves ascending limb and no gradient ia created
36
chronic renal disease
GFR of less than 60 ml per min for 3+ months, filtrate formation decreases and waste builds up so blood pH decreases. caused by diabetes and hypertension of pyelonephirits
37
renal failure occurs when GFR is
under 15 ml per min
38
uremia
urine in the blood , multiple organ failure occurs eventually and EPO stops releasing, so severe ion imbalances and metabolic abnormalities occur with toxin accumulation
39
treatments of renal disease
hemodalysis and kidney transplant
40
hemodialysis
patients blood passed thru selectively permeable membrane etubule, urea K+ other substances diffuse out of blood, substances to added to body diffuse into blood
41
hemodialysis is temporary or not
temporary, blood pumped out thru machine and pumped aback in
42
characteristics of urine
95% water 5% solute, mostly urea and uric acid and creatinine. high solute volume of proteins or WBC indicates pathology
43
creatinine
regenerates ATP for skeletal cells
44
membranes stop bad stuff from entering but
when kidneys have issue blood can be in urine
45
physical characters of urine
clear or pale to deep yellow color comes from urochrome
46
urochrome
product of hemoglobin destruction
47
stuff that turns urine different colors
propafol vitamin b - green beets- pink
48
pH of urine
slightly acidic like 6, but diet can alter it more acidic can make it more acidic
49
specific gravity
ratio of a mass of substance to mass of equal volume of distilled H2O, which indirectly measures solute.
50
urine range for specific gravity
1.001 to 1.035
51
ureters
tubes allow urien to pass from kidneys to the stored.
52
3 ureter layers
mucosa (transitional epithelia) musuclaris (two smooth muscle sheets) adventitia (fibrous connective tissue)
53
muscularis of ureters
contract to help more urine be produced, contractions respond to stretchy and sympathetic and para fibers innervate to have little effect
54
renal calculi
calcium buildup, magnesium salts and uric acid in kidneys, the crystallization forms stones in renal pelvis
55
nephrolithiasis
stones lodged in renal pelvis
56
ureterolithiasis
stones lodged in ureters
57
kidney stones can be caused by
high blood calcium, obesity, not enough water
58
treatment of stones
can be passed without surgery, but if lodged in ureter, be removed endoscopically, if in pelvis musty use lithotripsy
59
bladder
found in abdominopelviuc area, stores urine temporarily
60
trigone contains 3 openings, and wall has 3 layers
trigone has 1 for each ureter and 1 for each urethra wall has mucosa (transitional epithelium), detrusor, and fibrous adventitia
61
urethra
extends from bladder and leads out with pseudostratiifced mucosa. near bladder is transitional epithelia near external opening is stratified squamous epithelia
62
sphincters
internal urethral sphincter- thickening detrusor muscle closes when no urine is passed external urethral sphincter- skeletal muscle tissue levator ani- muslce helps close off urethra
63
levator ani muscle
closes off urethra, pelvic floor muscle wraps around urethra and is why kid crosses their legs
64
micturition
act of emptying bladder, so all 3 things happen at once: detrusor contracts, internal sphincter opens, external sphincter occurs. any one of these and urination won't occur.
65
control of micturition
pons with pontine micturition center, pontine storage center. afferent impulses from stretch of bladder walls sent to brain
66
why is it necessary to haver higher brain centers
conscious brain says we need to pee? then more fills and stronger reflex to brain more urgent. lots of stretch means fill
67
low storage pontine storage center is active, so
micturition is inhibited
68
high storage volumes means
pontine micturition center is active, need too void increases as bladder becomes more full
69
micturition reflex
more severe as we keep it in more.
70
external urethral sphincter can prevent
micturition
71
is urine left in bladder after we pee
yes 10 mL

second half of anatomy II (15 decks)

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