ch 22 the respiratory system part 1

Question 1

pulmo or pneumo

Answer 1

lungs

Question 2

functions of respiratory system

Answer 2

gas exchange, tissues in body supplied w O2, CO2 disposed.

Question 3

4 processes involved with gas exchange

Answer 3

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration (gas exchange in lungs), transport of respiratory gas to and from tissues, and internal respiration (gas exchange occurring in tissues)

Question 4

which 2 functions of respiratory system are not actually in the system

Answer 4

transportation of gases to and from tissues and internal respiration

Question 5

two zones of the respiratory system

Answer 5

conducting- respiratory passages from nose to respiratory bronchioles, air transport

respiratory- actual gas exchange, found in bronchioles and alveoli and ducts

Question 6

upper conducting zone consist of

Answer 6

nasal cavity, pharynx, oropharynx

Question 7

nasal cavity

Answer 7

better to breathe here, air is warmed and humidified as air passes, has mucous membranes and respiratory mucous.

Question 8

how would breathing change without nasal cavity

Answer 8

cold and dry air and slow respiration rate, too slow. temp affects respiratory rate

Question 9

mucous membranes of respiratory have respiratory mucosa, and 2 cells r present here

Answer 9

goblet- mucous producing cells

seromocous nasal glands- mucous traps particles and debris, serous secretes watery fluid with lysozyme (a digestive enzyme destroys pathogen)

Question 10

pharynx consists of

Answer 10

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 11

nasopharynx

Answer 11

has pharyngeal tonsils and tubal tonsils (MALT organs) and closes using soft palate and uvula

Question 12

oropharynx

Answer 12

meets oral cavity as isthmus of the fauces, has palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils.

Question 13

laryngopharynx

Answer 13

where respiratory and digestive passages split

Question 14

lower conducting zone

Answer 14

divides laryngopharynx from respiratory passages

consists of epiglottis, larynx (voice box), glottis, trachea, trachealis, bronchi

Question 15

function of epiglottis

Answer 15

sits at top of lower conducting zone, each like we swallow it is pushed over opening and prevents anything from entering besides air

Question 16

larynx

Answer 16

composed of cartilage, thyroid and cricoid. these keep the larynx open. if it was closed, each breath would be gasping a lot

Question 17

vocal cords and glottis

Answer 17

vocal cords r in larynx to make sound, and glottis is open passage surrounded by vocal cords. the ligaments must vibrate for sound.

Question 18

tense vocal cords/greater force with air

Answer 18

higher pitch/louder

Question 19

trachea

Answer 19

windpipe, elaatic fibers and cartilage rings. elastic fibers make flexibility and trachea can relax or stretch.

Question 20

what is importance of cartilage rings

Answer 20

stiffness helps trachea not collapse on itself

Question 21

trachealis

Answer 21

smooth muslce tissue of trachea

Question 22

what happens to diameter of trachea when the trachealis contracts? what happens to air?

Answer 22

diameter changes, NS affects it. sympathetic, fight/flight so trachea relaxes and diameter increases/dilates. parasympathetic rest/digest trachea contracts and becomes narrower. nerves hate the contraction, will make u cough so it gets large

Question 23

bronchi

Answer 23

allows air to reach respiratory zone. bronchis branch 20-25 times forming bronchioles. these get smaller, even to terminal bronchioles.

Question 24

lungs and its hilum

Answer 24

where gas exchange occurs, has a hilum (where bronchi and any blood or nerve supply enter or leave the lung)

Question 25

why do lungs need to be elastic in nature

Answer 25

elastic connective tissue allows lungs to change size constantly, increase in size as we inhale and returns to original shape without deformity. we don't want stretched out lungd

Question 26

blood supply to lungs

Answer 26

pulmonary circulation - pulmonary artery brings O2 poor blood to lungs, artery branches like bronchi does. (external respiration) pulmonary capillary network- immediately surrounded alveoli, pulmonary veins bring blood away

Question 27

bronchial circulation

Answer 27

bronchial arteries supply lung tissue with O2 rich systemic blood.

Question 28

innervation of lungs

Answer 28

nerve fibers enter lungs at pulmonary plexus. have sympathetic and para fibers

Question 29

parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers in the lungs

Answer 29

para- air tubes constrict and narrow symp- causes air tubes to dilate

Question 30

how does parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers in the lungs influence breathing rate

Answer 30

para- resting resp rate (12 breath per min) symp- seeds up respiratory rate

Question 31

pleurae

Answer 31

thin, double layered serous membranes

Question 32

parietal pleura

Answer 32

covers thoracic wall and upper portion of diaphragm

Question 33

viceral plerua

Answer 33

covers external lung features, like cling wrap

Question 34

pleural fluid

Answer 34

fills cavity between visceral and parietal layers.

Question 35

each lung has its own pleura, what are the benefits of the chambers made from this

Answer 35

as organs shift with breathing, pleural layers slide over one another. also prevents infection from one organ to anther. sort of a lung immune system

Question 36

respiratory bronchioles

Answer 36

branch from terminal bronchioles of the conducting zone.

Question 37

order of lungs stuff

Answer 37

resp brinchioles, alveolar sacs, alveoli, alveolar pores

Question 38

alveolar sacs are made up of

Answer 38

alveoli, which are simple squamous

Question 39

gas exchange occurs in the

Answer 39

alveoli, covered in capillary beds

Question 40

how are individual alveoli connected

Answer 40

alveolar pores. air enters and is able to push air away and farther out, helping gas exchange

Question 41

3 types of alveolar cells

Answer 41

type I, type II, alveolar macrophages

Question 42

type I alveolar cell

Answer 42

squamous epithelium cells, creates walls of alveoli where gas exchange happens

Question 43

type II alveolar cells

Answer 43

cuboidal cells scattered among type I cells, less of them so not rly used for gas exchange. more of an immune function

Question 44

surfactant and why its important

Answer 44

produced by Type II alveolar cells, needed for slippery small amt to coat alveoli. helps prevent alveoli collapse and prevents sticking...also antimicrobial proteins create innate immunity

Question 45

alveolar macrophage

Answer 45

mobile cells, consumes debris and pathogens so active phagocyte.

Question 46

2 processes involved in Respiratpry physiology

Answer 46

pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange

Question 47

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 47

flow of air in and out of lungs, always high to low.

Question 48

gas exchange

Answer 48

exchange of respirsoptry gases across alveoli. from air space in lungs rod blood or from blood to air space.

Question 49

3 gas laws influencing respiratory system

Answer 49

Boyles, daltons, henrys

Question 50

boyles law and ventilation

Answer 50

volume of gas is inversely proportional to pressure exerted by gas onto walls of container. volume change means pressure change. volume increases pressure increases. volume decreases pressure decreases. inhalation n exhalation changes our lung volume...

Question 51

pressure of lungs is

Answer 51

relative to atmospheric pressure

Question 52

at sea level, Patm is

Answer 52

760 mmHg

Question 53

intrapulmonary pressure Ppul

Answer 53

pressure in alveoli changes as u inhale or exhale. always equalizes eventually with Patm

Question 54

inspiration/what muscles do what to help breathe

Answer 54

active process that needs muscles. diaphragm flattens during contraction, so thoracic cavity is larger. intercostal muscles pull ribs up and out, and thoracic cavity becomes larger here too.

Question 55

why is the change in size of thoracic cavity important for respiration

Answer 55

thoracic must be larger for more air to come. enlargened thoracic cavity, pulls lungs outward, so volume increases

Question 56

what happens to intrapulmonary pressure when lungs increase in size

Answer 56

volume up, pressure down

Question 57

air flows into lungs along pressure gradient, why?

Answer 57

Ppul = Patm, air flows into lungs until this point, where it stops

Question 58

expiration

Answer 58

due to lung elasticity, respiratory muscles relax and return to rest length, elastic fibers get smaller, pulls lungs inward and thoracic less.

Question 59

what happens to volume of lungs during expiratio

Answer 59

pressure increase and volume decrease. air flows out along pressure gradient, ends when Ppul=Patm