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second half of anatomy II > ch 25 urinary system p1 > Flashcards

ch 25 urinary system p1 Flashcards

1
Q

how many L of fluid filtered from blood by kidneys every day

A

200 L

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2
Q

function of the kidneys

A

maintaining the composition of the bodys ECF fluids by filtering blood

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3
Q

5 ways the kidneys function

A

regulate total body water volume and solute concentration
regulate concentration of ions in ECF
acid base balance
remove toxins and metabolic wastes and shit
hormone production of EPOs and renin

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4
Q

what kind of organs are kidneys

A

retroperitoneal organs, there is no visceral peritoneum

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5
Q

renal hilum is what

A

has ureters renal blood vessels lymphatics and stuff

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6
Q

adrenal gland

A

sits superior to each kidney

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7
Q

3 supporting structures external to kidney

A

renal fascia- dense connective tissue to anchor it to surrounding stuff
perirenal fat capsule- fat mass surrounding kidneys to cushion from trauma
fibrous capsule- thin transparent capsule that prevents disease from spreading to kidneys from other body parts

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8
Q

renal cortex

A

provides area for glomerular capillaries and blood vessel passage/EPO produced here
outermost

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9
Q

renal medulla

A

contains several renal pyramids, packed with capillaries and urine collecting tubules

allows for water reapsorbotipn and electrolyte balance and disposal of H+ and waste

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10
Q

renal pyramids have

A

capillaries and urine tubules

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11
Q

renal pelvis

A

open space in center of each kidney. branches to form major and minor calyces

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12
Q

the major and minor calyces do what

A

collect urine from renal medulla

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13
Q

order of the renal arteries

A

renal arteries deliver blood to kidneys, then segmental, then interloper, arcuate, and cortical radiate arteries. all serve different regions of the kidney

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14
Q

interlober arteries travel

A

between renal pyramids

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15
Q

arcuate arteries

A

arc over bases of pyramids

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16
Q

cortical radiate arteries

A

supply renal cortex to nephron for filtering

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17
Q

order of renal veins

A

opposite of arteries, cortical radiate to arcuate to interloper to renal. no segmental here they drain from the cortex

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18
Q

renal plexus

A

autonomic nerve fibers and ganglia, sympathetic vasomotor fibers regulate blood supply to each kidney. it adjusts the diameter of the renal arterioles to adjust blood flow from glomeruli

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19
Q

importance of changing blood flow to the kidneys

A

NS supply changes blood to move more or less. changing blood supply = change how much blood is filtered, affecting BP, BV and urine

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20
Q

nephron is called the

A

functional unit of the kidney

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21
Q

nephron is responsible for

A

forming filtrate and eventually urine in kidneys

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22
Q

nephron structure

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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23
Q

renal corpuscle does what

A

capillary beds filter blood for filtrate

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24
Q

renal tubule does what

A

collects filtrate and reabsorbs stuff, brings it back to blood circulation, secretes some that didn’t make it back to filtrate

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25
what happens to anything secreted into filtrate or not reabsorbed from filtrate
it will form urine and leave the body
26
renal corpuscle subdivisions
glomerulus, glomerular capsul
27
glomerulus is
cluster of capillaries. blood enters from afferent arteriole and leaves via efferent arteriole.
28
what is the significance of the blood entering glomerulus via afferent arteriole and leaving via efferent
keeps blood and plasma proteins in blood, efferent is away from caps afferent is towards, glomerular caps are fed and drained by arterioles and keep pressure high in arterioles, where pressure is needed to move stuff across wall. stuff is more permeable, more is moved to form filtrate
29
fluid that is the raw material used to produce urine
filtrate
30
glomerular capsule
double layered structure that completely surrounds glomerular capillaries
31
inner layer of glomerular capsule
has podocytes and foot processes, which are podocytes- has extensions overlapping with extensions of neighbors foot processes- overlap, form empty space for filtration membrane so blood cells can't get lost
32
renal tubules and the collecting duct
begins in renal cortex, and returns to renal cortex.
33
benefit of the renal tubules / collecting duct
divides renal cortex and medulla, allows start and end in cortex
34
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
leads immediately off glomerulus in renal cortex with large cuboidal cells and dense microvilli
35
nephron loop
travels between renal cortex and renal medulla
36
descending limb off nephron loop
leads off PCT, high permeability of H2O which is impermeable to solutes water will cross
37
ascending limb off nephron loop
continuous with DCT, high permeability to solutes, impermeable to H2O
38
function of ascending and descending limb
allows kidneys to vary concentration of urine according to how much water is reabsorbed at nephron loop
39
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
located in cortex, composed of small cuboidal epithelia. smaller diameter than PCT w no microvilli.
40
what does the microanatomy of the DCT indicate
that it is hormonally driven and PCT does it alll on its own while DCT needs help. less villi and smaller means when filtrate reaches DCT most absorption and secretion is already happened. more fine tuning in the DCT, onlyneed to reabsorb if the thing wasn't absorbed in the PCT
41
collecting ducts
the important cells in those ducts are principal, intercalated. each duct receives filtrate from tubules of multiple nephrons. these collecting ducts fuse together and dump urine into minor calyces
42
principal cells of collecting ducts
maintain Na+ balance in body, water follows solute and changes water in blood, changing BV and BP
43
intercalated cells of collecting ducts
help maintain acid base balance where H+ and bicarbonate balances for blood pH
44
nephron types 2 types
cortical and juxtamedullary
45
cortical nephrons
located almost entirely in the cortex, small portion of nephron loop found in renal medulla
46
juxtamedullary nephrons
nephron loops deeply invade renal medulla
47
how does a change in nephron structure affect urine formation
long nephron loop varies urine concentration, forms highly concentration urine for when people need a lot of water.
48
glomerulus
a capillary bed of the nephron, maintains high pressure to increase filtrate production by going from capillaries to capsules to tubules
49
pertibular capillaries
low pressure capillaries arising from efferent arteriole, clings to proximal and distal tubules of cortical nephrons. then. empty into cortical radiate veins filtered blood returns to circulation
50
function of peritubular capillaries
reabsorb water and solutes from tubule cells
51
vasa recta
found on juxtamedullary nephrons run parallel to long nephron loop, helps from concentrated urine. reabsorbs water and returns to general circulation.
52
juxtaglomerular complex
portion of nephron where portion of ascending limb lies against afferent and efferent arterioles. overall regulate BP and filtration rate of glomerulus
53
3 cellular modifications at juxtaglomerular complex
macula densa, granular cells, extraglomerular mesnagial cells
54
macula densa
chemoreceptor cells monitor NaCl content of filtrate entering DCT in ascending limb.
55
****COMPLICATED**** how does the rate of filtration formation affect NaCl conc in the DCT?? What happens to afferent arteriole to fix this problem?
macula dense uses NaCl conc to measure rate of filtrate formation. ex; sense high salt conc in filtrate so macula dense says do not reabsorb salt. salt remains in filtrate. so a lot of filtrate will be produced and fluid gets forced thru nephron so fast.
56
if u increase salt what happens to reabsorption and filtrate
reabsorption decreases, filtrate increases
57
why does less salt mean more reabsorption and less filtrate
we don't want to make too much filtrate, too much blood too fast, so less blood flow to glomerular capillary bed decreases filtrate. we have tp change the afferent arteriole and make it constrict so less blood and less filtrate.
58
granular cells, or juxtaglomerular cells
specialized smooth muscle cells found in arteriolar walls of afferent arteriole- senses BP in afferent arteriole and stimulates by macula dense cells OVERALL MONITORS STRETCH
59
granular cells contain granules that secrete
renin, which affects EFFERENT arteriole. low NaCl concentration means more renin, and low pressure in arteriole means increased renin release bc must filter more
60
extraglomerular mesnagial cells
packed between tubule and arterioles. we don't rly know what it does, macule dense sends message to afferent arteriole so probably passes the message on

second half of anatomy II (15 decks)

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