ch 21 immune system part 2

Question 1

lymphocytes

Answer 1

B cells and T cells which must mature before doing immune response

Question 2

steps of lymphocyte activation

Answer 2

hematopoietic stem cell origination, education, seeding/circulation, antigen exposure, proliferation

Question 3

education of stem cells in lymphocyte activation

Answer 3

immunocompetence- lymphocytes recognize single antigen to act against, one lymphocyte per one antigen

self tolerance- lymphocytes realize self vs non self

Question 4

seeding and circulation in lymphocyte maturation

Answer 4

B and T cells colonize secondary lymphoid organs, and circulate through the body. ensures many T cells per pathogen

Question 5

antigen exposure In lymphocyte maturation

Answer 5

first antigen encounter is clonal selection, which is one lymphocyte making more of itself with the same antigen specificity

Question 6

proliferation in lymphocyte maturation

Answer 6

advanced lymphocyte proliferates to form lymphocytes with same receptor, same antigen specificity

form effector and memory cells. effector- carries out immune response while reaction occurs
memory- remembers already encountered pathogens and immune system reacts better

Question 7

antigen presenting cells (APCs) why good

Answer 7

engulf antigen and display fragments from it. able to activate defenses earlier than if happened on its own

Question 8

3 APC cells

Answer 8

dendritic- transport antigen back to lymphoid organ and display to local lymphocytes EARLIER ANTIGEN RESPONSE ALERT
macrophages- T cells activate macrophages that can transport antigens, present antigen to T cells and continue immune response DISPLAY OF ANTIGEN
B lymphocytes- present antigens to helper T cells for activation

Question 9

B Lymphocytes and humoral immunity

Answer 9

involves production of plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies for. a specific antigen

Question 10

steps to produce plasma cells and antibodies

Answer 10

primary response- B cells are activated by binding of an antigen to multiple receptors on B cell surface e
clonal selection- clones recognize antigen shape
clone differentiation into dif cell types- can be plasma (reproduce and secrete antibodie) or memory B cells (remember antigens so immune response can launch and actually do response)
secondary response/immunological memory - on another slide

Question 11

memory B cells in B lymphocytes and humoral Immunity do what

Answer 11

ensure memory of past antigen allowing immune response to occur, won’t occur unless its remembered

Question 12

secondary response and immunological memory in B lymphocytes and humoral Immunity

Answer 12

after exposure, faster and more effective, higher antibody concentration un secondary response, retain ability to produce massive plasma numbers

Question 13

active humoral immunity

Answer 13

B cells encounter antigens, produce plasma cells, and antibodies to act against them

can be naturally or artificially acquired

Question 14

natural active humoral immunity

Answer 14

bacterial or viral infection occurs in body illness and infection will occur

Question 15

artificial active humoral immunity

Answer 15

uses vaccines. dead antigens to launch immune response but without infection, then actual exposure will recruit memory B cells to do secondary immune response

Question 16

passive humoral immunity

Answer 16

antibodies are supplied to the body, not produced- immune system not active. B cells are not interdicted to antigen, so memory cells not produced.

can be naturally or artificially acquired

Question 17

natural passive humoral immunity

Answer 17

antibodies passed from mother to fetus or infant, it is then protected from antigens mom has already been exposed to. ends when birth occurs or breastfeeding ends

Question 18

artificial passive humoral immunity

Answer 18

antibodies supplied by immune donor, protects from antigens that can kill a person before body can produce antibodies. ex- snakebites rabies or tetanus

Question 19

antibodies types

Answer 19

immunoglobulins, IgM IgA IgD IgG IgE

Question 20

IgM antibody

Answer 20

first class that is secreted by plasma cells during primary response, largest in spleen

Question 21

IgA antibody

Answer 21

found in body secretions, sweat or saliva, prevents pathogens from attaching to epithelial surfaces, such as skin and mucous membranes

Question 22

IgD

Answer 22

functions as B cell antigen receptor, so it activates B cell

Question 23

IgG

Answer 23

most abundant antibody, main one of primary and secondary responses

Question 24

IgE

Answer 24

releases histamine, mediates inflammation and allergy reaction

Question 25

4 mechanisms of antibody actions

Answer 25

neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, complement activation

Question 26

what is neutralization in antibody action

Answer 26

masks dangerous bacterial parts, by blocking the receptors on tissue cells, n phagocytes will destroy antibody antigen complex. IDs antigen for other immune cells to do their job.

Question 27

agglutination in antibody actin

Answer 27

cell bound antigens, multiple binding sites for many antigens. get clumped together for easy phagocyte access.

Question 28

precipitation in antibody action

Answer 28

soluble antigens, molecules clumped together and settle out of solution. makes it insoluble and engulf precipitate

Question 29

complement activation in antibody action

Answer 29

multiple antibody binding close to same cell activates complement. effect- antigen lysis, increase inflammatory response, promotes phagocytosis

Question 30

T lymphocytes and cellular immunity

Answer 30

direct attack on cancer cells, virus infected cells, and foreign transplant cells. T cells can't see free antigens they need MHC bind

Question 31

what is required to antigen presentation to T cells

Answer 31

MHC proteins.

Question 32

antigen presenation

Answer 32

how the T cell activates, when the MHC protein binds the non self antigen, so MHC complex beginsn

Question 33

antigen MHC complex

Answer 33

MHC protein displays non self antigen, T cell activated and immune response begins

Question 34

T lymphocyte types

Answer 34

Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells

Question 35

helper T cells, TH

Answer 35

helps with humoral immunity, mediates immune responses. activates B cells and makes them divide a lot to form antibodies. TH cells stimulative destrictube T cells. activates innate system, macrophages go and WBC comes

Question 36

cytotoxic T cells,TC

Answer 36

directly kill cells, mobile af, TC cells bind targets tight and release perforin which inserts pore to target membrane, and granzyme pumped into the pore to trigger apoptosis

Question 37

main difference between NK and killer T cells

Answer 37

NK don't need antigen presented, can notice by itself.

Question 38

regulatory T cells (TREG)

Answer 38

dampen immune response to prevent spiraling, prevent a cytotoxic T cell from going crazy with its immune response. can be used for organ transplants to prevent rejection and autoimmune conditions to lessen severity. SLOWS IMMUNE SYSTEM

Question 39

immunodeficiencies

Answer 39

any condition which impairs production or function of immune cells or molecules. congenital or maybe. not

Question 40

SCID severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome

Answer 40

genetic defects that result in reduced lymphocyte production. congenital, virtually no protection from stuff anything minor can be fatal. hematopoietic stem cell can be used to improve survival

Question 41

AIDS autoimmune deficiency syndrome

Answer 41

disease that interferes with TH cell activity. caused by HIV which s passed thru body fluids. HIV uses reverse transcriptase to replicate and spread virus, killing helper T cells. AIDs is pretty drug resistant, and no cure exists but antivirals can be used

Question 42

autoimmune disorders

Answer 42

any disease where the immune system cannot recognize self from non self

Question 43

autoimmunity

Answer 43

auto antibodies and TC cells destroy body tissues.

Question 44

autoimmune examples of disorders

Answer 44

rheumatoid arthrirtis (joints), multiple sclerosis (CNS), graves (thyroid), type 1 diabetes (pancreas)

Question 45

what issue arises w drugs that suppressbthe immune system

Answer 45

just a treatment, if all slows an individual is more likely to get an infection. lose lose