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A&P 151 > Ch 24:the Digestive System > Flashcards

Ch 24:the Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two processes of digesting food?

A

Mechanical and chemical

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2
Q

Mechanical

A

Chewing

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3
Q

Chemical

A

Producing saliva to break down food particles

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4
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

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5
Q

What organs are in the digestive tract?

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine

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6
Q

What organs are accessory to the digestive system?

A

Tongue, teeth, salivary, glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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7
Q

Definition of mastication

A

Process of chewing to mechanically break down food

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8
Q

Propulsion and mixing

A

Movement of food in the G.I. tract

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9
Q

Peristalsis

A

Moves material through digestive tract that relaxes the muscle and contract muscles

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10
Q

What are the mass movements in the large intestine?

A

Mixing waves in the stomach in segmental contractions and small intestine

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11
Q

Function of secretions in the digestive system

A

Lubricate, liquefy, and digest

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12
Q

What are secreted of the digestive system?

A

Mucus, water, enzymes

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13
Q

What makes the stomach so acidic

A

Hydrochloric acid

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14
Q

Type of muscle in the esophagus

A

Striated (voluntary): 1/3
Transition: 2/3
Smooth muscle: 3/3

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15
Q

Does the esophagus contain smooth and striated muscle?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What organ contains hydrochloric acid?

A

The stomach

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17
Q

What are two components of the pharynx

A

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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18
Q

What are components of the duodenum?

A

Biliary tract—> liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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19
Q

What is in between the ascending colon in the transverse colon?

A

Hepatic flexure
(right colonic flexure)

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20
Q

What is in between the transverse colon and the descending colon?

A

Splenic flexure
(left Colonic Flexure)

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21
Q

Mucosa

A

Lumen

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22
Q

What organs are stratified squamous?

A

Mouth, Oropharynx, esophagus, and anal canal

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23
Q

What organs are simple columnar epithelium?

A

Rest of the tract

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24
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Lemina propria

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25
Q

What type of muscle is Muscularis mucosae

A

Smooth muscle

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26
Q

Submucosa

A

Thick layer with nerves, blood vessels, small glands

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27
Q

What are the two smooth muscle layers of the muscularis externa?

A

Inner Circular and outer longitudinal layer

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28
Q

Nervous regulation

A

Parasympathetic primarily
-Sympathetic and put inhibits muscle contraction, secretion, decrease a blood flow to the digestive tract

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29
Q

Chemical regulation

A

-production of hormones
-Gastrin : increases HCl
Secretin: stimulates, pancreas, release, bicarbonates to neutralize acid 

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30
Q

Paritonium

A

-visceral: covers organs
-Parietal: covers interior surface, a body

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31
Q

Mesenteries

A

Two layers of peritonism with thin layer of loose CT between

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32
Q

Greater omentum

A

Connect stomach to the transverse colon

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33
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Connects stomach to the liver and diaphragm

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34
Q

Mesntery

A

Connects the small intestine to the posterior wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

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35
Q

Oral cavity posterior

A

Fauces

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36
Q

Superior oral cavity

A

Hard and soft palate

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37
Q

Inferior oral cavity

A

Tongue

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38
Q

Lateral oral cavity

A

Buccinator

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39
Q

Vestibule

A

Space between lips/cheeks and alveolar process is with teeth

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40
Q

What is the oral cavity lined with?

A

Moist stratified, squamous epithelium

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41
Q

Lingual frenulum

A

Tissue, connects, bottom palate to tongue

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42
Q

How many teeth are on the top in the bottom?

A

16 teeth each

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43
Q

How many teeth do children have an adult have?

A

Children: 20 teeth
Adults : 32 teeth

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44
Q

Type of teeth

A

incisors:2
Canines :1
Premolars :2
Molars :3

45
Q

Enamel

A

Outer most layer of anatomical crown

46
Q

Dentin

A

Living cellular calcified tissue
-Helps hold tooth in the socket

47
Q

Pulp cavity

A

Root canal

48
Q

Gingiva

A

Dense, fibrous tissue covered by stratified squamous epithelium

49
Q

What are salivary gland made of

A

Digestive enzymes
IgA

50
Q

What are the three pairs of the multicellular glands?

A

Perotid: largest by the ear
Submandibular: mixed near mandible
Sublingual: smallest on the floor of the oral cavity

51
Q

Three phases of deglutition

A

Voluntary: tongue from oral cavity to pharynx
-Pharyngeal/moving food into the esophagus
-Esophageal: stretching, esophagus to move food in the stomach

52
Q

What is Gerd?

A

Gastroesophageal, reflux, disease

53
Q

Heartburn

A

Burning of esophagus with esophagus sphincter isn’t close

54
Q

Surface mucus cells

A

Produce mucus in lubricate food

55
Q

Parietal cells

A

Produce Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

56
Q

Chief cells

A

Produce pepsinogen
-Digest proteins

57
Q

Pro enzyme

A

Inactivated enzyme

58
Q

Intero chromaffin like cells

A

Histamine that stimulates acid secretion
-H2 promotes HCl production

59
Q

If intrinsic factor is absent

A

We won’t produce B12

60
Q

What are the functions of HCl?

A

-kill bacteria in the stomach
-HCl chemical digest
-Activate pepsinogen

61
Q

G-cells

A

Secrete, gastrin and promote production of HCl

62
Q

S-cells

A

Secrete somatostatin and decreased production of HCl

63
Q

What is gastric ulcer caused by?

A

Bacteria
Helicobacter pylori

64
Q

Brush border

A

Microvilli that increases surface area to absorb nutrients

65
Q

Absorbtive cells

A

Selves with Microvilli that produces digestive enzymes

66
Q

Goblet cells

A

Produce protective mucus

67
Q

Granular cells

A

From small intestines, that help protect from bacteria

68
Q

Endocrine cells

A

Produce regulatory hormones

69
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

Upper right quadrant

70
Q

How many lobes and ligaments does the liver have?

A

Four lobes
Three ligaments

71
Q

Where is the quadrate lobe located?

A

Laterally bound by gallbladder

72
Q

Four lobes of liver

A

Quadrate lobe, right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe

73
Q

Three ligaments of liver

A

Falciform ligament
Coronary ligament
Round ligament

74
Q

What is the porta hepatis?

A

Contains ducts, portal vein, and hepatic artery

75
Q

What is the portal triad?

A

Contains hepatic duct, portal vein, hepatic artery made from simple cuboidal epithelium

76
Q

Bile production

A

Released and concentrated in the gallbladder

77
Q

can excess glucose be saved as glycogen in the liver

A

Yes

78
Q

Bile salts

A

Emulsify lipids in our reabsorbed in the ileum

79
Q

Does the liver stores nutrients?

A

Yes, glycogen, fat, and vitamins

80
Q

Detoxification

A

Metabolize alcohol

81
Q

Left and right hepatic ducks will merge into what?

A

Common hepatic duct

82
Q

Cystic duct and common hepatic duct will merge into what?

A

Common bile duct

83
Q

Common bile duct will merge with pancreatic duct and form?

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

84
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Stimulates bile excretion

85
Q

Choldocholithiasis

A

Call bladder stone located in the common bile duct

86
Q

Endocrine for pancreas

A

Pancreatic islets
-Produce insulin, glycogen and somatostatin

87
Q

What are proenzymes

A

Pepsinogen, inactivated enzyme
That’s activated by HCl

88
Q

Trypsinogen

A

Activated by enterokinase
- type of proenzyme

89
Q

Chymotrypsinogen

A

Activated by tryosinogen to carboxypeptidase
- digest proteins

90
Q

Procarboxypeptidase

A

Activated by trypsin to carboxypeptidase
- digest proteins

91
Q

Flexure

A

Natural bend

92
Q

Cecum

A

Blind sac
- vermiform appendix

93
Q

Colon

A

Ascending, transverse, descending colon

94
Q

What do teniae coil bands cause

A

Pouches called haustra

95
Q

What are small fat filled pouches called

A

Omental appendages

96
Q

Are both anal concrete made up of smooth muscle

A

No, external is voluntary (skeletal)
Internal is smooth

97
Q

Functions of the large intestine

A
  • reabsorb water
  • contains vitamin k producing bacteria
  • fecal matter formation
98
Q

Control defacation steps

A
  1. Distention of the rectum by feces
  2. Stimulates parasympathetic reflexes
  3. Voluntary control of the external anal sphincter
99
Q

Lipoprotein

A

Lipids coated in protein

100
Q

What are components of micell

A

Bile salt and fatty acids

101
Q

LDL

A

75% lipids , 25% protein
- transports to cholesterol cells

102
Q

HDL

A

55% lipids , 45% protein
- transport excess cholesterol from cells to liver

103
Q

Cardioprotective agemt

A

Apart of HDL that’s good for health/heart

104
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

Digest carbs

105
Q

Pancreatic lipase

A

Digest lipids

106
Q

Absorption of vitamin b-12 needs?

A

Intrinsic factoparietal cell

107
Q

What’s does parietal cell do

A

Reduced HCI

108
Q

In the digestive tract are nutrient absorbed in the stomach

A

No, 92% absorption occurs in small intestine
Also in large intestine

A&P 151 (16 decks)

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