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ATI Pediatrics-MJ > Ch. 23: Gastrointestinal Structural and Inflammatory Disorders > Flashcards

Ch. 23: Gastrointestinal Structural and Inflammatory Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Results from the incomplete fusion of the oral cavity during intrauterine lip

A

Cleft lip

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2
Q

Results from the incomplete fusion of the palatine plates during intrauterine life

A

Cleft palate

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3
Q

What are some risk factors for the clefts?

A
  • Family history of cleft lip or palate
  • Exposure to alcohol, cig smoke, anticonvulsants, or steroids during pregnancy
  • Folate deficiency during pregnancy
  • Other syndromes
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4
Q

What does cleft lip look like?

A

Visible separation from the upper lip toward the nose

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5
Q

What does cleft palate look like?

A

A visible or palpable opening of the palate connecting the mouth and the nasal cavity

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6
Q

Nursing care: what should we promote? (2)

A
  1. Parent-infant bonding

2. Healthy self esteem thoughtout childs development

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7
Q

Who all is apart of the child with CL and CP?

A 
Plastic surgeon
Orthodontist
ENT specialist
Speech and language specialist
OT
Dietitian 
Social services worker
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8
Q

CL:
When is repair done?
How old should infant be for surgery? Weigh? Hgb level?

A

Repair: done between 2-3 months

Infant be 10 weeks old, weigh 10 lbs, and Hgb of 10 g/dL

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9
Q

CP:
When is repair done?
Is second surgery usual or unusual?

A

Repair: 6-12 months

Majority require a second surgery!

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10
Q

Nursing actions: PRE-OP (both for CL and CP)

  1. Inspect infants lip and palate using a ______ to palpate the infants palate
  2. Asses infants ability to ___
  3. Obtain what?
  4. Observe what?
  5. Determine family ___ & ___
  6. Refer parents to appropriate _____
  7. Why would we consult with social services?
  8. What do we instruct parents about?
  9. Assess ability to ____
A
  1. GLOVED FINGER
  2. Suck
  3. Baseline weight of infant
  4. Observe interaction btwn. family and infant
  5. Determine family COPING AND SUPPORT
  6. Support groups
  7. To provide needed services, like financial or insurance for fam and infant
  8. Proper feeding and care
  9. Feed
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11
Q

Strategies for successful feeding: For ISOLATED CL (like this is only CL and CP is not an issue)

What type of feeding is encouraged?

What type of bottle is needed if bottle fed?

How do we get the infant to eat…what do we do to them?

A
  1. Breast feeding
  2. Wide-based nipple for bottle feeding
  3. Squeeze infants cheeks together during feeding to decrease the gap
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12
Q

Strategites for successful feeding: For CP or CL/CP

  • What position is used?
  • What bottle?
  • Do we burp baby?
  • What if baby is unsuccessful with other methods of feeding..what do we do?
A

Position: Infant upright while cradling head

Bottle: Special bottle wit one-way valve and special cut nipple

Burp: Yes, burp frequently

Unsuccessful feeding: Syringe feeding may be necessary

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13
Q

Post-Op: CL and CP repair

  • Can they suck on nipple or pacifier?
  • Is it okay if they begin bringing hard toys up to their mouth?
  • What is monitored daily?
  • Observe?
A
  • No
  • No
  • I&O and weight
  • Family interaction with infant
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14
Q

Post Op: CL

  • Monitor what?
  • Positon?
  • How to clean incision site?
  • Why do we aspirate secretions of mouth and nasopharynx?
A
  • Integririty of post op protective device to ensure proper positioning
  • Position: Infant on back and upright on side during immediate post op—apply elbow restraints to keep infant from injuring repair site
  • Clean: Saline on sterile swab; apply antibiotic ointment if prescribed
  • To prevent respiratory complications
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15
Q

Post Op: CP

  • Why do we change infants position frequently?
  • Position?
  • Maintain what till infant is able to eat and drink?
  • When is packing removed?
  • Can we place objects in the mouth (tongue depressor, pacifier)?
  • Elbow restrained?
A
  • To facilitate breathing
  • Placed on abdomen immediate post op
  • IV fluids
  • Packing removed 2-3 days, monitor this until then
  • No
  • Elbow restraints may be needed
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16
Q

CL or CP or both….If an infant is having to use elbow restraints, how long may they be in them?

A

4-6 weeks possibly

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17
Q

What are some complications of CL and CP? (3)

A
  • Ear infections and hearing loss
  • Speech and language impairment
  • Dental problems
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18
Q

What GI problem: Occurs when the gastric contents reflux back into the esophagus, making esophageal music vulnerable to injury from gastric acid

A

Gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD)

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19
Q

GERD is tissue damage from ____

A

GER (gastroesophageal reflux)

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20
Q

GER is self-limiting and usually resolves by ____

A

1 year of age

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21
Q

Risk factor for GER or GERD:

  • Premature
  • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
  • Neurological impairments
  • Asthma
  • CF
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Scoliosis
A

GER

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22
Q

Risk factors for GER or GERD:

  • Neurologic impairments
  • Hiatal hernia
  • Esophageal atresia
  • Morbid obesity
A

GERD

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23
Q

What does GER/GERD look like in infants?

A
  • Excessive spitting up
  • Forceful vomiting
  • Irritability and lots of crying
  • Blood in stool or vomit
  • Arching of back
  • Stiffening
  • Resp. problems
  • FTT
  • Apnea
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24
Q

What does GER/GERD look like in children?-

A
  • Heartburn
  • Abdominal pain
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Chronic cough
  • Chest pain
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25
Q

GER nursing care:

  • Meals?
  • Avoid what foods?
  • Assist with?
  • Position after meals?
A
  • Small, frequent meals–thicken infants formula with 1 tsp- 1 tbsp rice cereal per 1 oz formula
  • Ones that cause acid reflex (caffeine, citrus, peppermint, spicy, fried foods)
  • Assist with WEIGHT CONTROL
  • Position after meals: Head elevated 30 degrees for 1 hour after meals
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26
Q

GERD nursing care is the same interventions as GER, PLUS administering a ______ or an ______

A

Proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole) or H2 receptor antagonist (ranitidine)

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27
Q

A type of procedure used for severe cases of GERD: wraps the funds of the stomach around the distal esophagus to decrease reflux

A

Laparoscopic surgical procedure

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28
Q

What are complications of GERD?

A

Recurrent pneumonia, weight loss, and FTT

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29
Q

What can repeated reflux of stomach contents lead to ?

A

Erosion of the esophagus or pneumonia if stomach contents are aspirated

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30
Q

GERD: What can esophageal damage lead to?

A

Inability to eat

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31
Q

What GI problem: The thickening of the pyloric sphincter, which creates an obstruction

A

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS)

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32
Q

When does HPS occur?

A

The first 5 weeks of life

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33
Q

S&O data for HPS

Why is vomiting data for assessing HPS? What color may the vomit be?

A

Because its vomiting that occurs after a feeding…but it lasts up to several hours following the feeding and it becomes projectile as obstruction worsens

The color may be blood-tinged

34
Q

S&O data for HPS: What kind of mass may there be. Explain.

A

OLIVE-SHAPED MASS in RUQ of the abdomen

Possible peristaltic wave that moves from left to right when lying supine

35
Q

What are some other signs of HPS?

A
  • Failure to gain weight
  • Signs of dehydration (dry skin, pale/cool lips, dry mucous membranes, etc)
  • Decreased urine output
  • Concentrated urine
  • Thirst
  • Rapid pulse
  • Sunken eyes
36
Q

What does diagnostic procedures of HPS show?

A

Ultrasound reveals an elongated, sausage shaped mass and an elongated pyloric area

37
Q

What surgery is done for HPS?

A

Pylorotomy

38
Q

How is pylorotomy done?

A

Laparoscope

39
Q

HPS: Pylorotomy post op

  • What do we administer?
  • When do we start clear liquids?
A
  • Administer antimetic and analgesics

- Start clear liquid 4-6 hours after surgery–advance to breast milk or formula as tolerated

40
Q

What GI problem: A structural anomaly of the GI tract that is caused by a lack of ganglionic cells in segments of the colon resulting in decreased motility and mechanical obstruction

A

Hirschsprung disease

41
Q

What is another name for Hirschsprung disease?

A

Congenital aganlionic megacolon

42
Q

What are the subjective and objective data for Hirschsprung disease of a NEWBORN?

A
  • Failure to pass meconium within 24-48 hours after birth
  • Episodes of vomiting bile
  • Refusal to eat
  • Abdominal distention
43
Q

What are the subjective and objective data for Hirschsprung disease of an INFANT?

A
  • FTT
  • Abdominal distention
  • Vomiting
  • Episodes of constipation and watery diarrhea
44
Q

What are the subjective and objective data for Hirschsprung disease of an OLDER CHILD?

A
  • FTT
  • Abdominal distention
  • Visible peristalsis
  • Palpable fecal mass
  • Constipation
  • Foul smelling, ribbon like stool
45
Q

Hirschsprung disease: What nutritional status should patient be until surgery?

A

High protein, high calorie, low fiber diet

*some TPN in some cases

46
Q

Hirschsprung disease: What is removed in surgery?

A

Aganglionic section of the bowel

47
Q

What are some complications of Hirschsprung disease surgery?

A
  • Enterocolitis

- Anal stricture and incontinence

48
Q

Complication of Hirschsprung disease: Inflammation of the bowel

A

Enterocolitis

49
Q

What GI problem: one part of the intestine telescopes into another part, resulting in lymphatic and venous obstruction that results in edema in the area. With progression, ischemia and increased mucus into the intestine will occur

A

Intussuception

50
Q

What age is intussusception common in?

A

Infants and children ages 3 months-3 year

51
Q

What is a risk factor for intussusception?

A

CF

52
Q

Intussusception subjective and objective data:

  • Sudden episodic ____
  • ____ with drawing of knees to chest during episodes of pain
  • What shape abdominal mass?
  • What kind of stools?
  • Vomiting?
  • Fever?
  • Constipation?
  • Dehydration?
A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Screaming
  • Sausage sheped
  • Stools mixed with blood and mucus that resemble the consistncy of red currant jelly
  • Vomiting: YES
  • Fever: YES
  • Constipation: NO
  • Dehydration: YES
53
Q

What is a therapeutic procedure for intussusception?

A

Air enema

54
Q

intussusception: Who does air enema?

A

Radiologist

55
Q

Why would surgery be required for intussusception?

A

Recurring intussusception

56
Q

What GI problem: Inflammation of the vermiform appendix caused from an obstruction of the lumen of the appendix

A

Appendicitis

57
Q

What is average age for appendicitis?

A

10 years old

58
Q

If patient has appendicitis showing signs of abdominal pain in RLQ, having a rigid abdomen, decreased/absent bowel signs, etc…is it okay to apply heat to the area to decrease pain? Is it okay to give enemas or laxatives?

A

NO to both!

59
Q

What kind of surgery is done to remove enraptured appendix?

A

Laparoscopic

60
Q

What kind of surgery is done to remove ruptured appendix?

A

Laparoscopic

61
Q

What is a complication of appendicitis?

A

Peritonitis

62
Q

Complication of appendicitis: What is peritonitis?

A

Inflammation of the peritoneal cavity

63
Q

What GI problem: A complication resulting from failure of the omphalomesenteric duct to fuse during embryonic development

A

Meckels diverticulum

64
Q

Some S&O data for Meckels diverticulum?

A
  • Can be asymptomatic!
  • Abdominal pain
  • Bloody, mucus stools
65
Q

What is the therapeutic procedure for Mockers diverticulum?

A

Surgical removal of the diverticulum

66
Q

What is a complication of Meckels diverticulum?

A

GI hemorrhage and bowel obstruction

*this is a complication due to UNTREATED Mockers diverticulum

67
Q

What GI problem:

Olive shaped mass in RUQ

A

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

68
Q

What GI problem:

Lack of ganglionic cells

A

Hirschsprung disease

69
Q

What GI problem:

Sausage shaped mass

A

Intussusception

70
Q

What GI problem:

Stools mixed with blood and music that resemble the consistency of red currant jelly

A

Intussusception

71
Q

What GI problem:

May be asymptomatic

A

Meckels Diverticulum

72
Q

What GI problem:

Infant unable to pass meconium within 24-48 hours after birth

A

Hirschsprung disease

73
Q

What GI problem:
Vomiting that often occurs following a feeding, but can occur up to several hours following a feeding and becomes projectile as obstruction worsens

A

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

74
Q

What GI problem

Administering omeprazole or ranitidine is part of our nursing care

A

GERD

Omeprazole= proton pump inhibitor

Ranitidine=H2 receptor antagonist

75
Q

What GI problem:

Complications include ear infections and hearing loss, speech and language impairment, and dental problems

A

CL, CP

76
Q 
A nurse is assessing an infant. Which of the following are clinical manifestations of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis? (SATA)
A. Projectile vomiting
B. Dry mucous membranes
C. Currant jelly stools
D. Sausage shaped abdominal mass
E. Constant hunger
A

A, B, E

77
Q

A nurse is caring for a child who has Hirschsprung disease. Which of the following is an appropriate action for the nurse to take.
A. Encourage high fiber, low protein, low calorie diet
B. Prepare family for surgery
C. Place an NG for decompression
D. Initiate bedrest

A

B.

A: Encourage LOW fiber, HIGH protein, HIGH calorie diet
B: CORRECT
C. Nutritionally managed–Dont need NG
D. Meckels diverticulum is placed on bedrest to prevent further bleeding NOT Hirschsprung Disease!

78
Q 
A nurse is caring for an infant who is post op following cleft lip and palate repair. Which of the following is an appropriate action for the nurse to take. 
A. Remove packing from mouth
B. Place infant in upright position
C. Offer a pacifier with sucrose
D. Assess mouth with a tongue blade
A

B

A. Packing should stay in place 2-3 days
B. CORRECT
C. Objects in mouth could injure surgical site and should be avoided.
D. “ “

79
Q

A nurse is teaching a parent of an infant about GERD. Which of the following should be included in the teaching? (SATA)
A. Offer frequent feedings
B. Thicken formula with rice cereal
C. Use a bottle with a one way valve
D. Position baby upright for 1 hour after feeding
E. Use a wide based nipple for feeding

A

A, B, D

80
Q 
A nurse is caring for a child. Which of the following are clinical manifestations of Meckels Diverticulum? (SATA)
A. Abdominal pain
B. Fever
C. Mucus, bloody stools
D. Vomiting
E. Rapid, shallow breathing
A

A, C

A. CORRECT
B. Fever= appendicitis
C. CORRECT
D. Vomitings= appendicits
E. Rapid, shallow breathing= appendicitis

ATI Pediatrics-MJ (41 decks)

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