CH 22&23 Flashcards
heart located slightly left of midline, deep to the sternum, in ____________
mediastinum
inferior conical end
apex
posterosuperior surface
base of the heart
tough outer sac
fibrous pericardium
composed of parietal and visceral layers
serous pericardium
contains serous fluid
pericardial cavity
serous membrane around heart
pericardium
lines internal surface of the body wall
parietal pericardium
covers external surface of heart
visceral pericardium
visceral layer of serous pericardium & areolar connective tissue
epicardium
cardiac muscle; thickest layer of the heart
myocardium
internal surface of heart chambers, simple squamous epithelium & areolar ct
endocardium
groove separating atria & ventricles
coronary sulcus
separates left and right ventricles
anterior/posterior interventricular sulcus
ridges on internal surface of atrial wall
pectinate muscles
ensures one way blood flow from RA to RV through AV opening
right AV valve/tricuspid
inner wall of each ventricle displays irregular muscular ridges
trabeculae carneae
cone-shaped muscle projects anchoring chordae tendineae
papillary muscles
connects anterior papillary muscle of right ventricle to atrioventricular septum
septomarginal trabecula
ensures one-way flow from ventricle to pulmonary trunk
pulmonary semilunar valve
controls blood flow through opening between left atrium & ventricle
left AV vale/bicuspid
controls flow from the left ventricle to the aorta
aortic semilunar valve
why the the left ventricular wall thicker than the right?
the right only pumps to the lungs, the left pumps to entire body
closure causes first heart sound “lub”
right/left AV valves
closure causes second heart sound “dub”
pulmonary/aortic semilunar valves
abnormal heart sounds, can be caused by defective heart valves
heart murmurs
rigid valves, may have calcium deposits
stenotic valves
blood passes directly between ventricles
ventricular septal defect
supplies the right border of the heart
right marginal artery
venous return of blood from the heart wall occurs through 3 major veins
greater, middle, small cardiac vein
atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries
coronary artery disease
heart exhibits _____________, it initiates its own heartbeats
autorythmicity
electrical impulses begins at the
sinoatrial (SA) node
contraction of a chamber is called ____; generates pressure to move blood
systole
relaxation of a chamber is called; allows chamber to fill with blood prior to the next contraction
diastole
if one of the atriums or ventricles contract, then
the other is in diastole
opening between the 2 atria
foramen ovale
artery between right PA & AA; serves as a bypass for blood from lungs to systemic circulation
ductus arteriosus
convergence of 2 or more vessels; end arteries to not do this & veins do more often than arteries
anastomosis
arteries & veins that lie next to each other
companion vessels
what are the three layers of blood vessel tunics?
tunica intima, media, externa
capillary walls only contain ______
tunica intima
_________ is an outer CT, and anchors blood vessels to surroundings
tunica externa
three types of arteries
elastic, muscular, arterioles
_______ is the largest arteries & the heart walls contain many of these
elastic arteries
________ has a proportionally thicker tunica media and are usually named, branch into arterioles
muscular arteries
_____ are the smallest arteries, and thickness can vary between _____ sizes
arterioles
______ are the smallest blood vessels, and consists solely of tunica intima, allow for metabolic exchange between blood and tissues
capillaries
____ are the smallest veins, raising from merging capillaries and merge to form veins
venules
how much blood do the veins hold at rest?
60%
most veins contain ____ to prevent pooling of blood, formed from tunica intima
valves
pressure during ventricular contraction
systolic blood pressure
pressure during ventricular relaxation
diastolic blood pressure
_____ supply most of the blood to the head & neck
common carotid arteries
name the three arterial branches that emerge from the aortic arch
brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian
where is the brachiocephalic trunk
on the right side of the body only
name the six major parts of the descending abdominal aorta from top to bottom
celiac trunk, suprarenal, renal, superior mesenteric, gonadal, inferior mesenteric
____ supplies blood to a majority of abdominal organs
celiac trunk
____ supplies blood to the adrenal gland
suprarenal arteries
____ supplies blood to the kidneys
renal arteries_____
______ supplies blood to the testicular or ovarian arteries supplying the _____
gonadal arteries, gonads
this condition develops clots in the veins of the lower limbs, which block a pulmonary artery and is typically caused by inactivity
deep vein thrombosis
this condition occurs with the values in the veins weaken and fail, causing blood to pool in the veins
varicose veins
this condition is an extreme dilation of a blood vessel, where the wall becomes very thin and at risk of rupturing
aneurysm
