26 B (Digestive System) Flashcards
list the 3 layers of muscularis tunic
(1) longitudinal layer (outer)
(2) circular layer (middle)
(3) oblique layer (inner)
what is the function of the muscularis tunics?
mix contents & break apart into smaller pieces for chemical digestion
pasty semisolid mixture when bolus mixes with gastric acid
chyme
name the regions of the stomach
(1) cardia
(2) fundus
(3) body
(4) pyloris
this region lies inferior to the heart
cardia
this region is a superior dome shape
fundus
this region is a majority of the stomach
body
this structure prevents back flow
pyloric sphincter
inferior convex border of stomach
greater curvature
superior concave border of stomach
lesser curvature
gastric folds on the internal surface of the stomach
rugae
extends inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of stomach & covers most abdominal organs
greater omentum
connects lesser curvature of the stomach & proximal ends of small intestine to the liver
lesser omentum
this condition is the result of reflux acid from the stomach moving into the the esophagus, irritating the mucosa
heartburn
weak spot in diaphragm allows stomach to move upward
hiatal hernia
finishes chemical digestion & is site for nutrient absorption
small intestine
name the specific segments of the small intestine
(1) duodenum
(2) jejunum
(3) ileum
this is a C-shaped structure that originates at the pyloric sphincter, and receives bile to emulsify fat & pancreatic secretions for digestion
duodenum
this is the middle portion of the small intestine & is primarily the region for chemical digestion & nutrient absorption
jejunum
this is the final segment of small intestine, its distal end terminating at the ileocecal valve
ileum
sphincter that controls the entry of materials into the large intestine
ileocecal valve
what do mucosal & submucosal tunics form?
circular folds/plicae circularis
microscopic finger like projections on surface of the circular folds
villi
finger like projections on the surface of villi
microvilli
this forms a three sided perimeter around the small intestine
large intestine
what are the functions of the large intestine?
(1) fluid, ion absorption
(2) compacts indigestible wastes & turns into feces
(3) stores feces until defectation
the longitudinal muscle forms bundles called
teniae coli
the contraction of teniae coli bunch up large intestine into many sacs called
haustra
name the structures of the large intestine
(1) cecum
(2) ascending colon
(3) transverse colon
(4) descending colon
(5) sigmoid colon
(6) rectum
(7) anal canal
sac located in lower right quadrant of abdomen
cecum
right lateral border of abdomen, makes 90 degree turn to left
ascending colon
originates at right colic flexure, approaches spleen in upper left abdominal quadrant & makes 90 degree turn inferiorly at the spleen
transverse colon
originates at the left colic flexure, terminates the sigmoid colon & terminates as the rectum
descending colon
muscular tube that readily expands to store accumulated fecal material prior to defecation
rectum
last few centimeters of the large intestine that passes through an opening in the muscles of the pelvic floor
anal canal
these structures relax during defecation
internal & external anal sphincters
infected & swollen appendix
appendicitis
this condition occurs if excess water is left in the intestine
diarrhea
occurs if too much water is reclaimed by the intestine
constipation
development of sac-like appendages along the length of the colon
diverticulosis
inflammation of the diverticula
diverticulitis
what organs are considered accessory digestive organs?
(1) liver
(2) gallbladder
(3) pancreas
(4) biliary apparatus
what are functions of the liver?
(1) filters toxins from the blood
(2) breaks down old red blood cells
(3) produces bile
where is the liver located?
in the right quadrant of the abdomen
what are the left & right lobes of the liver separated by?
falciform ligament
these lobes of the liver are considered subdivisions of the right lobe
caudate & quadrate lobe
carries nutrient-rich blood from GI tract capillaries, spleen & pancreas to the liver
hepatic portal vein
carries oxygen-rich blood to the river
hepatic artery
empties into the inferior vena cava
hepatic veins
this organ arises from the inferior surface of the liver
gallbladder
what is the function of the gallbladder?
stores & concentrates bile
emulisfying agent for digestion of fats in small intestine
bile
network of thin ducts that transport bile from liver & gallbladder to duodenum
biliary apparatus
name the ducts associated with the biliary apparatus
(1) cystic duct - from gallbladder
(2) common hepatic duct - from liver
(3) common bile duct - junction of cystic & common hepatic
what functions does the pancreas have?
endocrine & exocrine functions
production & secretion of insulin & glucagon
endocrine functions
production of pancreatic juice/enzymes
exocrine functions
yellowing of skin, conjunctiva & mucous membranes due to deposits of bilirubin
jaundice
what are different types of jaundice?
obstructive, hemolytic, physiologic
bile ducts are obstructed by gall stones, so bile cannot drain out of liver and overflows into blood
obstructive jaundice
red blood cells are broken down into large quantities
hemolytic jaundice
immature liver cannot excrete the bilirubin as quickly as it is being formed
physiologic jaundice
