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HHP 1100 Terms > 27A (Kidneys) > Flashcards

27A (Kidneys) Flashcards

1
Q

name the brief structures of the urinary system

A

(1) two kidneys
(2) two ureters
(3) urinary bladder
(4) urethra

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2
Q

what are the functions of the urinary system?

A

(1) storage of urine
(2) excretion of urine
(3) regulation of blood volume & composition

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3
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

retroperitoneal against posterior abdominal wall

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4
Q

what are the tissue layers surrounding the kidneys?

A

(1) fibrous capsule
(2) perinephric fat
(3) renal fascia
(4) paranephric fat

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5
Q

dense irregular CT, covers outer surface of kidney

A

fibrous capsule

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6
Q

adipose providing cushioning

A

perinephric fat

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7
Q

dense irregular CT, anchors kidney to posterior abdominal wall

A

renal fascia

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8
Q

adipose located between renal fascia & peritoneum

A

paranephric fat

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9
Q

what are extensions of the renal cortex that project into the medulla & subdivide it into renal pyramids?

A

renal columns

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10
Q

what is the apex of a renal pyramid called?

A

papilla

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11
Q

each renal papilla projects into what?

A

a hollow funnel-shaped structure called the minor calyx

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12
Q

what is the main function of the renal pelvis?

A

it collects urine & transports it into the ureter

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13
Q

concave medial border where blood vessels, nerves & ureter connect

A

hilum

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14
Q

functional filtration unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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15
Q

what does each nephron consist of?

A

renal corpuscle & renal tubule

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16
Q

what structures are within the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus & glomerular capsule

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17
Q

what structures are part of the renal tubule

A

(1) proximal convoluted tubule
(2) nephron loop
(3) distal convoluted tubule

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18
Q

what are the types of nephrons?

A

cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons

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19
Q

this nephron makes up 85% of all nephrons

A

cortical nephrons

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20
Q

the renal corpuscle in the juxtamedullary nephrons lie near what?

A

near the corticomedually junction

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21
Q

the nephron loop of the juxtamedullary nephrons extend to?

A

deep into the medulla

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22
Q

what are the processes that nephrons go through to form urine?

A

(1) filtration
(2) tubular reabsorption
(3) tubular secretion

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23
Q

the water/dissolved solutes are called

A

filtrates

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24
Q

what shape is the renal corpuscle’s structure?

A

bulb-shaped

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25
Q

capsule surrounding the glomerulus; made of 2 layers separated by capsular space

A

glomerular capsule

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26
Q

at corpsule’s ________, the afferent arteriole enters & the efferent arterioles exits

A

vascular pole

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27
Q

at corpuscle’s __________, the proximal convoluted tubule exits

A

tubular pole

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28
Q

what is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

reabsorption of nutrients & water into peritubular capillaries, then returns to the general circulation

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29
Q

this structure projects into the medulla & contains 2 parts

A

nephron loop

30
Q

what are the two parts that the nephron loop contains?

A

descending & ascending limb

31
Q

extends from the cortex into the medulla

A

descending limb

32
Q

returns from the medulla into the cortex

A

ascending limb

33
Q

what is the function of the nephron loop?

A

facilitates reabsorption of water & solutes

34
Q

distal convoluted tubules lead to ________ that empty into __________

A

collecting tubules, collecting ducts

35
Q

when can tubular fluid be considered urine?

A

when it leaves the collecting duct

36
Q

minor calyx leads to ______ which leads to _____

A

major calyx, pelvis

37
Q

the movement of substances from the blood within the glomerulus into the capsular space

A

glomerular filtration

38
Q

the movement of substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood

A

tubular reabsorption

39
Q

the movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid

A

tubular secretion

40
Q

how is glomerulus formed?

A

afferent arterioles entering the renal corpuscle

41
Q

the urinary tract is compared of

A

(1) ureters
(2) urinary bladder
(3) urethra)

42
Q

these originate at the renal pelvis at the hilum of the kidney

A

urethers

43
Q

where do ureters enter the base of the urinary bladder?

A

at its posterolateral wall

44
Q

what is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

storage of urine

45
Q

this structure is a fibromuscular tube originating at the urinary bladder that conducts urine to the exterior of the body

A

urethra

46
Q

what helps propel urine in the urethra?

A

smooth muscle

47
Q

what helps control the release of urine?

A

internal & external urethral sphincters

48
Q

this sphincter is at the neck of the bladder and is involuntary

A

internal urethral sphincter

49
Q

this sphincter is voluntary

A

external urethral sphincter

50
Q

difference between female & male urethras

A

females only transport urine, males can transport both urine & semen

51
Q

what are the segments of the male urethra?

A

(1) prostatic urethra
(2) membranous urethra
(3) spongy urethra

52
Q

surrounded by the prostate gland

A

prostatic urethra

53
Q

short segment through urogenital diaphragm

A

membranous urethra

54
Q

long segment through erectile tissue of penis

A

spongy urethra

55
Q

expulsion of urine from bladder

A

micturition

56
Q

the opening of the urethra is called

A

external urethral orifice

57
Q

analyzes the composition of urine to aid in determining health status of the body

A

urinalysis

58
Q

what is suggested if blood is found in urinalysis?

A

kidneys or kidney linings are damaged

59
Q

what is suggested if glucose is found in urinalysis?

A

glucose levels are too high in the blood

60
Q

what is suggested if albumin is found in urinalysis?

A

the glomerulus is damaged

61
Q

what is suggested if bacteria is found in urinalysis?

A

indication of urinary tract infection

62
Q

this condition is when hard objects are formed in the kidneys

A

kidney stones

63
Q

what is the typical cause of kidney stones?

A

insufficient fluid intake

64
Q

what can treat kidney stones?

A

(1) waiting for the stones to pass (w/meds)
(2) lithotripsy
(3) surgery

65
Q

this condition is the inability to prevent discharge of urine

A

urinary incontinence

66
Q

what are causes of urinary incontinence?

A

mechanical stress & overactive bladder

67
Q

what is required for expulsion of urine from bladder?

A

voluntary relaxation of external urethral sphincter

68
Q

pigments that give urine its yellow color

A

urochromes

69
Q

where are parasympathetic signals sent and why?

A

(1) internal urethral sphincter (to relax bladder)
(2) detrusor muscle (to excite bladder)

70
Q

what can help an empty bladder to expulse urine?

A

abdominal muscle contractions

71
Q

what can result from kidney stones?

A

can block urine flow out of kidney or can become lodged in the ureter

72
Q

this procedure involves a laser which shatters the kidney stones

A

lithotripsy

HHP 1100 Terms (15 decks)

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