27A (Kidneys) Flashcards
name the brief structures of the urinary system
(1) two kidneys
(2) two ureters
(3) urinary bladder
(4) urethra
what are the functions of the urinary system?
(1) storage of urine
(2) excretion of urine
(3) regulation of blood volume & composition
where are the kidneys located?
retroperitoneal against posterior abdominal wall
what are the tissue layers surrounding the kidneys?
(1) fibrous capsule
(2) perinephric fat
(3) renal fascia
(4) paranephric fat
dense irregular CT, covers outer surface of kidney
fibrous capsule
adipose providing cushioning
perinephric fat
dense irregular CT, anchors kidney to posterior abdominal wall
renal fascia
adipose located between renal fascia & peritoneum
paranephric fat
what are extensions of the renal cortex that project into the medulla & subdivide it into renal pyramids?
renal columns
what is the apex of a renal pyramid called?
papilla
each renal papilla projects into what?
a hollow funnel-shaped structure called the minor calyx
what is the main function of the renal pelvis?
it collects urine & transports it into the ureter
concave medial border where blood vessels, nerves & ureter connect
hilum
functional filtration unit of the kidney
nephron
what does each nephron consist of?
renal corpuscle & renal tubule
what structures are within the renal corpuscle?
glomerulus & glomerular capsule
what structures are part of the renal tubule
(1) proximal convoluted tubule
(2) nephron loop
(3) distal convoluted tubule
what are the types of nephrons?
cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons
this nephron makes up 85% of all nephrons
cortical nephrons
the renal corpuscle in the juxtamedullary nephrons lie near what?
near the corticomedually junction
the nephron loop of the juxtamedullary nephrons extend to?
deep into the medulla
what are the processes that nephrons go through to form urine?
(1) filtration
(2) tubular reabsorption
(3) tubular secretion
the water/dissolved solutes are called
filtrates
what shape is the renal corpuscle’s structure?
bulb-shaped
capsule surrounding the glomerulus; made of 2 layers separated by capsular space
glomerular capsule
at corpsule’s ________, the afferent arteriole enters & the efferent arterioles exits
vascular pole
at corpuscle’s __________, the proximal convoluted tubule exits
tubular pole
what is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
reabsorption of nutrients & water into peritubular capillaries, then returns to the general circulation
this structure projects into the medulla & contains 2 parts
nephron loop
what are the two parts that the nephron loop contains?
descending & ascending limb
extends from the cortex into the medulla
descending limb
returns from the medulla into the cortex
ascending limb
what is the function of the nephron loop?
facilitates reabsorption of water & solutes
distal convoluted tubules lead to ________ that empty into __________
collecting tubules, collecting ducts
when can tubular fluid be considered urine?
when it leaves the collecting duct
minor calyx leads to ______ which leads to _____
major calyx, pelvis
the movement of substances from the blood within the glomerulus into the capsular space
glomerular filtration
the movement of substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood
tubular reabsorption
the movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid
tubular secretion
how is glomerulus formed?
afferent arterioles entering the renal corpuscle
the urinary tract is compared of
(1) ureters
(2) urinary bladder
(3) urethra)
these originate at the renal pelvis at the hilum of the kidney
urethers
where do ureters enter the base of the urinary bladder?
at its posterolateral wall
what is the function of the urinary bladder?
storage of urine
this structure is a fibromuscular tube originating at the urinary bladder that conducts urine to the exterior of the body
urethra
what helps propel urine in the urethra?
smooth muscle
what helps control the release of urine?
internal & external urethral sphincters
this sphincter is at the neck of the bladder and is involuntary
internal urethral sphincter
this sphincter is voluntary
external urethral sphincter
difference between female & male urethras
females only transport urine, males can transport both urine & semen
what are the segments of the male urethra?
(1) prostatic urethra
(2) membranous urethra
(3) spongy urethra
surrounded by the prostate gland
prostatic urethra
short segment through urogenital diaphragm
membranous urethra
long segment through erectile tissue of penis
spongy urethra
expulsion of urine from bladder
micturition
the opening of the urethra is called
external urethral orifice
analyzes the composition of urine to aid in determining health status of the body
urinalysis
what is suggested if blood is found in urinalysis?
kidneys or kidney linings are damaged
what is suggested if glucose is found in urinalysis?
glucose levels are too high in the blood
what is suggested if albumin is found in urinalysis?
the glomerulus is damaged
what is suggested if bacteria is found in urinalysis?
indication of urinary tract infection
this condition is when hard objects are formed in the kidneys
kidney stones
what is the typical cause of kidney stones?
insufficient fluid intake
what can treat kidney stones?
(1) waiting for the stones to pass (w/meds)
(2) lithotripsy
(3) surgery
this condition is the inability to prevent discharge of urine
urinary incontinence
what are causes of urinary incontinence?
mechanical stress & overactive bladder
what is required for expulsion of urine from bladder?
voluntary relaxation of external urethral sphincter
pigments that give urine its yellow color
urochromes
where are parasympathetic signals sent and why?
(1) internal urethral sphincter (to relax bladder)
(2) detrusor muscle (to excite bladder)
what can help an empty bladder to expulse urine?
abdominal muscle contractions
what can result from kidney stones?
can block urine flow out of kidney or can become lodged in the ureter
this procedure involves a laser which shatters the kidney stones
lithotripsy
