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HHP 1100 Terms > 27A (Kidneys) > Flashcards

27A (Kidneys) Flashcards

1
Q

name the brief structures of the urinary system

A

(1) two kidneys
(2) two ureters
(3) urinary bladder
(4) urethra

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2
Q

what are the functions of the urinary system?

A

(1) storage of urine
(2) excretion of urine
(3) regulation of blood volume & composition

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3
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

retroperitoneal against posterior abdominal wall

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4
Q

what are the tissue layers surrounding the kidneys?

A

(1) fibrous capsule
(2) perinephric fat
(3) renal fascia
(4) paranephric fat

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5
Q

dense irregular CT, covers outer surface of kidney

A

fibrous capsule

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6
Q

adipose providing cushioning

A

perinephric fat

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7
Q

dense irregular CT, anchors kidney to posterior abdominal wall

A

renal fascia

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8
Q

adipose located between renal fascia & peritoneum

A

paranephric fat

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9
Q

what are extensions of the renal cortex that project into the medulla & subdivide it into renal pyramids?

A

renal columns

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10
Q

what is the apex of a renal pyramid called?

A

papilla

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11
Q

each renal papilla projects into what?

A

a hollow funnel-shaped structure called the minor calyx

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12
Q

what is the main function of the renal pelvis?

A

it collects urine & transports it into the ureter

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13
Q

concave medial border where blood vessels, nerves & ureter connect

A

hilum

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14
Q

functional filtration unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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15
Q

what does each nephron consist of?

A

renal corpuscle & renal tubule

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16
Q

what structures are within the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus & glomerular capsule

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17
Q

what structures are part of the renal tubule

A

(1) proximal convoluted tubule
(2) nephron loop
(3) distal convoluted tubule

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18
Q

what are the types of nephrons?

A

cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons

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19
Q

this nephron makes up 85% of all nephrons

A

cortical nephrons

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20
Q

the renal corpuscle in the juxtamedullary nephrons lie near what?

A

near the corticomedually junction

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21
Q

the nephron loop of the juxtamedullary nephrons extend to?

A

deep into the medulla

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22
Q

what are the processes that nephrons go through to form urine?

A

(1) filtration
(2) tubular reabsorption
(3) tubular secretion

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23
Q

the water/dissolved solutes are called

A

filtrates

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24
Q

what shape is the renal corpuscle’s structure?

A

bulb-shaped

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25
capsule surrounding the glomerulus; made of 2 layers separated by capsular space
glomerular capsule
26
at corpsule's ________, the afferent arteriole enters & the efferent arterioles exits
vascular pole
27
at corpuscle's __________, the proximal convoluted tubule exits
tubular pole
28
what is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
reabsorption of nutrients & water into peritubular capillaries, then returns to the general circulation
29
this structure projects into the medulla & contains 2 parts
nephron loop
30
what are the two parts that the nephron loop contains?
descending & ascending limb
31
extends from the cortex into the medulla
descending limb
32
returns from the medulla into the cortex
ascending limb
33
what is the function of the nephron loop?
facilitates reabsorption of water & solutes
34
distal convoluted tubules lead to ________ that empty into __________
collecting tubules, collecting ducts
35
when can tubular fluid be considered urine?
when it leaves the collecting duct
36
minor calyx leads to ______ which leads to _____
major calyx, pelvis
37
the movement of substances from the blood within the glomerulus into the capsular space
glomerular filtration
38
the movement of substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood
tubular reabsorption
39
the movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid
tubular secretion
40
how is glomerulus formed?
afferent arterioles entering the renal corpuscle
41
the urinary tract is compared of
(1) ureters (2) urinary bladder (3) urethra)
42
these originate at the renal pelvis at the hilum of the kidney
urethers
43
where do ureters enter the base of the urinary bladder?
at its posterolateral wall
44
what is the function of the urinary bladder?
storage of urine
45
this structure is a fibromuscular tube originating at the urinary bladder that conducts urine to the exterior of the body
urethra
46
what helps propel urine in the urethra?
smooth muscle
47
what helps control the release of urine?
internal & external urethral sphincters
48
this sphincter is at the neck of the bladder and is involuntary
internal urethral sphincter
49
this sphincter is voluntary
external urethral sphincter
50
difference between female & male urethras
females only transport urine, males can transport both urine & semen
51
what are the segments of the male urethra?
(1) prostatic urethra (2) membranous urethra (3) spongy urethra
52
surrounded by the prostate gland
prostatic urethra
53
short segment through urogenital diaphragm
membranous urethra
54
long segment through erectile tissue of penis
spongy urethra
55
expulsion of urine from bladder
micturition
56
the opening of the urethra is called
external urethral orifice
57
analyzes the composition of urine to aid in determining health status of the body
urinalysis
58
what is suggested if blood is found in urinalysis?
kidneys or kidney linings are damaged
59
what is suggested if glucose is found in urinalysis?
glucose levels are too high in the blood
60
what is suggested if albumin is found in urinalysis?
the glomerulus is damaged
61
what is suggested if bacteria is found in urinalysis?
indication of urinary tract infection
62
this condition is when hard objects are formed in the kidneys
kidney stones
63
what is the typical cause of kidney stones?
insufficient fluid intake
64
what can treat kidney stones?
(1) waiting for the stones to pass (w/meds) (2) lithotripsy (3) surgery
65
this condition is the inability to prevent discharge of urine
urinary incontinence
66
what are causes of urinary incontinence?
mechanical stress & overactive bladder
67
what is required for expulsion of urine from bladder?
voluntary relaxation of external urethral sphincter
68
pigments that give urine its yellow color
urochromes
69
where are parasympathetic signals sent and why?
(1) internal urethral sphincter (to relax bladder) (2) detrusor muscle (to excite bladder)
70
what can help an empty bladder to expulse urine?
abdominal muscle contractions
71
what can result from kidney stones?
can block urine flow out of kidney or can become lodged in the ureter
72
this procedure involves a laser which shatters the kidney stones
lithotripsy

HHP 1100 Terms (15 decks)

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