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NURS 212 > Ch 2- > Flashcards

Ch 2- Flashcards

1
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Build up of fatty plaque on coronary blood vessels in the heart, decreasing flow of blood through vessels resulting in downstream symptoms

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2
Q

Primary funciton of circulatory system

A

bringing O2 and
nutrients to organs and transporting CO2
and other waste products for removal

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3
Q

Leading cause of death in canada

A

Heart Disease

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4
Q

Angina

A

Chest pain

Sometimes associated with actual pathology, sometimes not

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5
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

CAD

When major blood vessels that supply the heart struggle to send enough blood O2 and nutrients to theheart muscle

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6
Q

Myocardij

A

Middle and thickett layer of heat wall

Responsible for pumping action

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7
Q

Age related changes to the myocardium

A

Decreasing cardiac contractility
* More time is required for diastolic
filling and systolic emptying
* Less responsive to sympathetic
nervous system (fight or flight)

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8
Q

Electrophysiology decline of myocardium

A

Less pacemaker cells
* Irregularity in the shape of
pacemaker cells
* Increased deposits of fat,
collagen and elastic fibers around
SA node

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9
Q

Vasculature

A

Network of blood vessels

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10
Q

Age related physical changes to vasculature

A

Diameter of lumen of aorta
increases to compensate for
arterial stiffening
Veins, like arteries, become
thicker, more dilated, and
less elastic
* Increased vascular resistance
causes a slight increase in
the systolic BP

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11
Q

Other changes as a result of vasculature changes

A

Increased peripheral resistance affecting flow to vital organs

Due to peripheral resistance, left ventricle hypertrophy

Valves of large leg veins become less efficient at returning blood to the heart

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12
Q

Baroreflex mechanism

A

Receptors in aortic arch and caroitc artery
Physiologic process regulating BP

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13
Q

Baroreflex Mechanism-Age related changes

A
  • Decreased compensatory responses in both hyper- and
    hypotensive stimuli (ie heart rate does not increase or
    decrease as efficiently in older adults as in younger
    adults)
  • Baroreceptors in the large arteries (carotid and aorta)
    less effective in controlling BP, especially during
    postural changes
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14
Q

Consequences of Age-related changes

A

Decreased adaptive response to exercise
* Slightly lower hear rate
* Increased susceptibility to hyper AND hypotension
* Increased susceptibility to arrhythmias (ie. atrial fibrillation)
* Decreased cerebral blood flow

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15
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

An arrhythmia when lower heart chambers controcat in very rapid uncoordinated manner mean heart doesn’t pump blood to rest of body

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16
Q

Pathological Risk
Factors Affecting
Cardiovascular
Function

A

Arrhythmias
* Heart Failure
* Myocardial Infarction (MI)
* Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
* Venous Thromboembolism (DVT or PE)
* Stroke (aka CVA)
* Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
* Atherosclerosis

17
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  • Definition: disorder of the medium and
    small arteries in which deposits of lipids and atherosclerotic plaques reduce or
    obstruct blood flow

Atherosclerotic changes begin in childhood and progress to plaque formation

Lesions can rupture or remain stable

18
Q

CVA

A

Cerebraovascular accident

A loss of blood flow to part of brain caused by clot/broken blood vessel damaging brain tissue

19
Q

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

A

Happens when one or more heart muscledont get enough O2 bc blood flow to heart is blocked

20
Q

Physical inactivity

A

Definition: <30 mins of moderate physical activity 5x/
week or <20 mins of vigorous physical activity 3x/ week

21
Q

Smoking in Second hand smoke in association with CV Disease

A

Both male and females smokers reduce their life expectancy by 13-15 years

Non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke increase their risk for developing CAD by 25%-30%

22
Q

Dietary Habits related to food

A

High intake of sturated fats increases risk for CV

23
Q

Hypertension risk factors

A
  • age
  • ethnicity
  • heredity - NUMBER 1 thing
  • weight
  • physical inactivity
  • psychosocial stressors
  • sleep apnea
  • low education and socioeconomic factors
24
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

Group of clinically identifiable conditions that double risk of CV disease and increases the risk of Non insulin dependent Diabetes Melitus

25
Q

Dyslipidemia

A

A broad term of lipoprotein metabolism
* HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol) - good to have a
high number
* LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) - good to have a
low number
* Non-HDL cholesterol (total cholesterol – HDL
cholesterol) - good to have a low number
* Triglycerides - high reading is bad

26
Q

Psychosocial Factors increasing risk for CV disease

A

Anxiety
Depression
Social Isolation
Specific personality Traits (Anger/hostility)

Major life events

27
Q

Heritidy, gender, and race in relation to CV disease

A

CV disease causes more deaths in women in Canada than cancer, chronic lowerrespiratory disease, Alzheimer’s disease and accidents combined

Research in cardiovascular issues in women are under researched

28
Q

Orthostatic and postprandial hypotension

A

Age-related: Reduced baroreflex sensitivity

29
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

a reduction in systolic BP and diastolic BP of at least
20 or 10mmHg respectively within 1-3 minutes of standing
after being recumbent for at least 5 minutes

30
Q

Postprandial hypotension

A

reduction in systolic BP of 20mmHg or more
within 2 hours of eating a meal

31
Q

Atypical SS of CVD

A

Fatigue
* Nausea
* Anxiety
* Headache
* Cough
* Visual change
* Shortness of breath
* Pain in arm, jaw, neck or throat (vs
“typical” chest or shoulder pain)

32
Q

Nursing Assessment for CV function

A

Head to toe assessment

Determing baseline normal

BP, RR (function), HR (Function) etc.

Assess modifiable risk factors

33
Q

Nursing interventions for CVD

A

Annual BP check
Screening for diseases that increase risk of heart disease

Reducing risks
Smoking cessation
Moderate physical activity
Maintain normal weight
Engage in stress management activities as needed
Eat heart-healthy food

34
Q
A

NURS 212 (21 decks)

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