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NURS 212 > Care for older adults with illness > Flashcards

Care for older adults with illness Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer

A
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2
Q

Two types of tumors

A

Benign and malignant

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3
Q

Benign

A

Do NOT turn into malignant

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4
Q

Malignant

A

Cells grow into nearby tissues
and spread to other parts of
the body via blood or lymph.
* Can still come back after
removal.

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5
Q

How cancers are named

A

After the body part in which it started

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6
Q

New tumors that spread from tumor of origin are called

A

Called metastases

Bladder cancer in the lungs

Causes lung metastases

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7
Q

Cancer that is spread to another part of the body i.e. the lungs

A

Secondary lung cancer

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8
Q

Primary cancer

A

Located where the cancer started

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9
Q

Precancerous conditions

A

Incldes
Atypiua
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Carcinoma in situ

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10
Q

Atypia

A

Cells that are slightly abnormal

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11
Q

Metaplasia

A

means that there has been
a change to the types of cells that are
normally found in this area of the body.
The cells look normal but they aren’t
the type of cells that are normally
found in that tissue or area.

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12
Q

Dysplasia

A

means that cells are
abnormal, there are more cells than
normal, the cells are growing faster
than normal, and they aren’t arranged
like normal cells.

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13
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

is the most severe
type of precancerous change. The cells
are abnormal but have not grown into
nearby tissue. Carcinoma in situ is
usually treated because it has a high
risk of developing into cancer.

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14
Q

People with precancerous conditions

A

Usually checked regularly so they can bebe treated quickly if changes begin more severe

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15
Q

Cancers stages often include

A

Size of tumor
Which part of organ has cancer
Whether cancer has spread 9metastasized)

Where it has spread

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16
Q

Staging cancer describes

A

cancer based on how
much cancer is in the body and where it is
when first diagnosed. This is often called the
extent of cancer.

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17
Q

Cancer stages

A

stage 0 – indicates that the cancer is where
it started (in situ) and hasn’t spread
* stage I – the cancer has formed small tumor and hasn’t spread anywhere else
* stage II – the cancer has grown, but hasn’t
spread
* stage III – the cancer is larger and
may have spread to the surrounding
tissues and/or the lymph nodes (part of
the lymphatic system)
* stage IV – the cancer has spread from
where it started to at least one other body
organ; also known as “secondary” or
“metastatic” cancer

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18
Q

Purpose of staging cancers

A

Treatment planning

Prognosis including chance of recovery

Predict treatment success

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19
Q

Cnacers in the same part of the body with the same stage tend to have

A

Similar prognosis

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20
Q

Cnacer grading is done by

A

Observeing cancer cells under microscope

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21
Q

Grading depends on

A

How different cancerlcells look from normal cells (differentiation)

Features of tumor like size and shape of cells and arrangement

Speed of cell proliferation

Whether there are areas of cell death

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22
Q

Low grade tumor

A

tend to grow slowly and are less
likely to spread.

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23
Q

Grade 3 cancer cells

A

High-grade cancers tend to grow more quickly and
are more likely to spread.

Don’t look normal

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24
Q

Prognostic factors for the cancer

A

Type of cancer

Subtype of cancer-based on the type ofc. ells or. tissue

Size of the tumour

Stage

Grade

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25
Q

Prognostic factors based on person

A

Age and gender
Presence of other health problems
Ability for ADLs
Weight loss and how much weight has been lost
Response to treatment
Ability to cope with treatment side effects

26
Q

Significant weight loss in a short time with cancer

A

SIgnificant nutrition distress

27
Q

Two forms of treatment

A

Curative treatment or elongation of time treatment

28
Q

Older adult treatment of cancer

A

Complex

Older adults are underrepresented in clinical trials so there are fewer evidence-based guidelines

Co-existing conditions increase an older adult’s susceptibility to adverse effects of treatment

Decisions abt screening and treatment may be influenced by ageism

29
Q

Treatment decisions in older adults

A

Chronological age

Effects of normal age-related changes

Life-expectancy

Potential harms v benefits

30
Q

Prognosis

A

Expected outcome

31
Q

Cancer diagnosis

A

Diagnosed by expert (pathologist) through tissue sample under microscope with a biopsy

32
Q

Primary prevention of cancer

A

Smoking cessation
* Avoiding secondhand smoke
* Maintaining an ideal body weight
* Diet and intake
* Limiting intake of fats and both red and processed
meats
* Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight
* Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption

33
Q

Cancer screening recommendations

A

FIT test
Sigmoidoscopy/colonscopy
DRE
Pap smear
Mammogram

34
Q

Genetic cancer

A

A gene has been determined. to influence the development of cancer

35
Q

Heriditary/familial cancer

A

Not proven as genetic, but family history allows qualification for screening

36
Q

FOBT

A

Fecal occult blood test

37
Q

FIT

A

fecal immunochemical test

38
Q

Cancer Treatment

A

Surgery
* Chemotherapy
* Radiation Therapy
* Immunotherapy
* Targeted Drug Therapy

Could be all none, or some

39
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Use of drugs to destry cancer cells

Also attack rapidly growing cancer cells, but they can also affect healthy cells that grow rapidly

40
Q

Chemotherapy as a drug

A

Mostly systemic

Deliver IV or PO

Delivered on cycles

41
Q

Side effects of chemotherapy

A

Easy bruising and bleeding
* Infection
* Anemia (low red blood cell counts)
* Appetite changes
* Constipation
* Nausea/ vomiting
* Hair loss (alopecia)
* Fatigue

42
Q

XRT

A

Radiation Therapy

Works by making small breaks in the DNA inside cells. Nearby normal cells can also be affected by radiation. But most should recover and go back to working the way they should

43
Q

Diabetes Mellitis pathology

A

Discrepancy bw the amount of insulin required by body and the amount available

In normal digestion food is broken down to the basic
component, glucose.
* Glucose is stored in cells for energy and in the muscle
cells and liver as glycogen for energy back-up.
* Insulin (from beta cells of pancreas) is required to guide
glucose into cells for energy and storage, to increase
glycogen storage in the liver, and aid in the metabolism
of triglycerides, nucleic acids and proteins.

44
Q

Type 1 DM

A

No insulin

Beta cells aof pancreas are deestryoed by an autoimmune process

Typically diagnosed before 30

abt 5-10% of diabetic patients

45
Q

Type 2 DM

A

A decreased sensitivty to insulin or decreased amount of insulin

46
Q

DM risk factors

A

Ethnicity

Increased age

High Blood pressure

First-Degree relative with DM

Obesity

Low birthweight

High cholesterol

47
Q

Acute complication of DM

A

Hypoglycemia

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketoic Syndrome

48
Q

Athrosclerosis

A

Stiffing of ateries and veins throughout the body

49
Q

Chronic complications of DM

A

Cardivascular disease: Arthersclerosis

Cardiovascular disease: Atherosclerosis
*Macrovascular (large vessel) disease: Affects coronary, peripheral vascular, and cerebral vascular function (increased risk for
stroke).
*Microvascular (small vessel) disease: Affects eyes (retinopathy) or kidneys (nephropathy).
*Neuropathic disease: Affect sensory motor and autonomic nerves (ex. foot ulcer).
*Peripheral neuropathy and neuropathic pain.
*Increased risk for amputation
*Higher risk for infection (elevated glucose encourages bacterial growth)
*GI paresis (decreased peristalsis)
*Nausea, vomiting, constipation, ‘bloating,’ heartburn

50
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Hyperglycemia

A
  • Thirst
  • Frequent urination
  • Abdominal cramping
  • Lethargy
  • Anorexia, N/V
  • Signs of dehydration
  • Fruity breath (if ketotic)
  • Kussmaul breathing
51
Q

Pharmacological Intervention to DM

A

Insulin

52
Q

Types of Insulin

A

Rapid-Acting
Short- Acting
Intermediate Acting
Long Acting

53
Q

Non Pharm interventions for DM

A

Teach about diet, blood glucose monitoring,
nutrition, exercise, foot or skin care.

  • Monitor blood sugar and managing potential
    complications.
  • Hypoglycemia: treat with juice or glucose table;
    encourage patient to eat full meals or snacks.
  • Monitor risk for infection and reduced healing.
  • Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.
  • Interprofessional team approach (wound care nurse,
    dietitian, pharmacist, podiatrist, ophthalmologist,
    endocrinologist, physician, nurse practitioner,
    certified diabetic educator, and counsellor)
54
Q

Heart Failure

A

Often Follows CAD, especially after a myocardial infarction

55
Q

Clinical manifestation of heart failure

A

Diminshed cardiac output with accompanying dizziness, congfusion, gatiuge, cool extermities

56
Q

Stages of heart failure (NOT ON EXAM)

A

Class I: Asymptomatic
* Cardiac disease, but no limitations noted.
*

Class II: Mild Heart Failure
* Some limitation of physical activity, comfortable at rest.
* An increase in activity may cause fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, or angina pain.
*

Class III: Moderate Heart Failure
* Marked limitation in physical activity, but comfortable at rest.
* Ordinary walking or climbing of stairs brings on fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, angina pain.
* Substantial periods of bed rest required.

Class IV: Severe Heart Failure
* Almost permanently confined to bed rest.
* Inability to carry out any physical activity without discomfort or severe symptoms.
* Some symptoms at rest; chronic shortness of breath common.

57
Q

Assessment and Diagnostic Methods for heart falure

A

Echocardiam
Diagnostic stress test

58
Q

Pharm interventions

A

Medication titrated throughout the stages

  • Diuretics
59
Q

Non Pharm interventions

A

Symptom management

60
Q
A

NURS 212 (21 decks)

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