ch 12 (1)

Question 1

Refers to an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioural traits.

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

the stability in a person’s behaviour over time and across situations

Answer 2

consistency

Question 3

the behavioural differences among people reacting to the same situation

Answer 3

distinctiveness

Question 4

A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.

Answer 4

A personality trait

Question 5

correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables.

Answer 5

factor analysis

Question 6

Five-Factor Model

Answer 6

Extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness

Question 7

Characterized as outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, and gregarious. They
also have a more positive outlook on life and are motivated to pursue social contact, intimacy, and interdependence

Answer 7

extraversion

Question 8

Tend to be anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable. They also tend to exhibit more impulsiveness and emotional instability than others

Answer 8

Neuroticism

Question 9

associated with curiosity, flexibility, imaginativeness, intellectual pursuits, interests in new ideas, and unconventional attitudes.

Answer 9

Openness to experience.

Question 10

tend to be sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, and straightforward is also
correlated with empathy and helping behaviour

Answer 10

Agreeableness

Question 11

tend to be diligent, well-organized, punctual, and depend-
able is associated with strong self-discipline and the ability to regulate oneself effectively

Answer 11

Conscientiousness

Question 12

include all of the diverse
theories descended from the work of Sigmund
Freud, which focuses on unconscious mental forces.

Answer 12

Psychodynamic theories

Question 13

the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle.

Answer 13

The id

Question 14

_______ which demands immediate gratification of its urges.

Answer 14

pleasure principle

Question 15

the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality
principle.

Answer 15

The ego

Question 16

seeks to delay gratification of the id’s urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found.

Answer 16

reality principle

Question 17

The moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.

Answer 17

superego

Question 18

contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved.

Answer 18

The preconscious

Question 19

contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behaviour.

Answer 19

The unconscious

Question 20

largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt

Answer 20

Defence mechanisms

Question 21

creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour. (cheating someone but reducing guilt by saying “everyone does it)

Answer 21

rationalization

Question 22

Keeping distressing thoughts and
feelings buried in the unconscious. (forgetting the name of someone you don’t like)

Answer 22

Repression

Question 23

Attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another. (if
lusting for a co-worker makes you feel guilty, you might attribute any latent sexual tension between the two of you to the other person’s desire to seduce you.)

Answer 23

Projection

Question 24

diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target. (your boss gives you a hard time at work and you come home and slam the door, kick the dog, and
scream at your spouse)

Answer 24

Displacement

Question 25

Behaving in a way that’s exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings. (males who ridicule gay men are defending against their own latent impulses.)

Answer 25

Reaction formation

Question 26

A reversion to immature patterns of behaviour. (An adult has a temper tantrum when he doesn’t get his way.)

Answer 26

Regression

Question 27

Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group. (An insecure young man joins a fraternity to boost his self-esteem.)

Answer 27

Identification

Question 28

Occurs when unconscious, unacceptable impulses are channelled into socially acceptable, perhaps even admirable, behaviours (A young man’s longing for intimacy is channelled into his creative artwork.)

Answer 28

Sublimation

Question 29

developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality.

Answer 29

psychosexual stages

Question 30

a failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected.

Answer 30

Fixation

Question 31

A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour.

Answer 31

Behaviourism