Ch 11 (2)

Question 1

a developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behaviour are exhibited, and certain capacities become established

Answer 1

Stage

Question 2

Stage theories assume that…

Answer 2

1. Individuals must progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage builds on the previous
2. Progress through these stages is strongly related to age
3. Development is marked by major discontinuities that usher dramatic transitions in behaviour

Question 3

Erikson’s Stage Theory Stage 1
is my world predictable and supportive?

Answer 3

Trust vs. Mistrust

Question 4

Erikson’s stage theory stage 2
can I do things myself or must I always rely on others?

Answer 4

Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt.

Question 5

Erikson’s Stage Theory Stage 3
am I good or Bad?

Answer 5

Initiative versus Guilt.

Question 6

Erikson’s Stage Theory Stage 4
Am i competent or worthless?

Answer 6

Industry versus Inferiority

Question 7

Erikson’s Stage Theory Stage 5
who am I and where am I going?

Answer 7

Identity vs Confusion

Question 8

Erikson’s Stage Theory Stage 6
Shall I share my life with another or live alone?

Answer 8

Intimacy vs Isolation

Question 9

Erikson’s Stage Theory Stage 7
Will I produce something of real value

Answer 9

Generativity vs self-absorption

Question 10

Erikson’s Stage Theory Stage 8
Have I lived a full life?

Answer 10

Integrity vs despair

Question 11

refers to transitions in youngsters’ pattern of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem-solving

Answer 11

Cognitive Development

Question 12

Piaget’s Stage Theory
Coordination of sensory input and motor responses; development of object permanence

Answer 12

stage 1: sensorimotor Period

Question 13

Piaget’s Stage Theory
Development of symbolic thought marked by irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism

Answer 13

Stage 2: Preoperational period

Question 14

Piaget’s Stage Theory
Mental operations applied to concrete events; mastery of conservation, hierarchical classification

Answer 14

Stage 3: Concrete operational period

Question 15

Piaget’s Stage Theory
Mental operations, applied to abstract ideas; logical, systematic thinking

Answer 15

Stage 4: Formal operational period

Question 16

involves interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them. In contrast, accommodation involves changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences

Answer 16

Assimilation

Question 17

Develops when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible

Answer 17

Object permanence

Question 18

Piaget’s term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance.

Answer 18

Conservation

Question 19

is the tendency to focus on just one
feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects.

Answer 19

Centration

Question 20

the inability to envision reversing
an action.

Answer 20

Irreversibility

Question 21

_____ in thinking is characterized by a limited ability to share another person’s viewpoint

Answer 21

Egocentrism

Question 22

Criticisms of Piaget’s Theory

Answer 22

1. Underestimated young children’s cognitive development
2. Progress in children’s thinking appears to occur in overlapping waves rather than distinct stages
3. Underestimated the influence of cultural factors on cognitive development

Question 23

the gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what they can achieve with guidance from more skilled partners.

Answer 23

The zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 24

Occurs when the assistance provided to a child is adjusted as learning progresses.

Answer 24

Scaffolding

Question 25

Limited time span in the development of an organism when it is optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the organism si especially responsive to certain experiences

Answer 25

Critical Periods

Question 26

examines the development of children’s understanding about the mind and mental states, and how children conceive of another person’s thought processes, knowledge, beliefs, and feelings

Answer 26

Theory of the mind

Question 27

KOHLBERG’S STAGE THEORY Right and wrong is determined by what is punished

Answer 27

stage 1: Punishment orientation

Question 28

KOHLBERG’S STAGE THEORY Right and wrong are determined by what is rewarded

Answer 28

stage 2: Naive reward orientation

Question 29

KOHLBERG’S STAGE THEORY right and wrong are determined by close others' approval or disapproval

Answer 29

stage 3: good boy/girl orientation

Question 30

KOHLBERG’S STAGE THEORY right and wrong are determined by society's rules and laws, which should be obeyed rigidly

Answer 30

stage 4: Authority orientation

Question 31

KOHLBERG’S STAGE THEORY Right and wrong are determined by society's rules which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute

Answer 31

stage 5: social contract orientation

Question 32

KOHLBERG’S STAGE THEORY right and wrong are determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equity and justice

Answer 32

stage 6: individual principles and conscience orientation