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Company Officer (Smoke) > Ch 10 the company officers role in understanding bldg construction and fire behavior > Flashcards

Ch 10 the company officers role in understanding bldg construction and fire behavior Flashcards

1
Q

At the scene of emergencies, the first arriving officers are usually concerned with

A

Limited resources, time and many unknown factors

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2
Q

Modern fire fighting requires more than just experience; it requires

A

Knowledge and skill

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3
Q

Accessing their communities (blank) Is the first step in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the department In Dealing with emergencies

A

Risk factors

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4
Q

Which Risk factors are affected by the characteristics of building construction, exposures, occupancy, and available resources

A

Property

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5
Q

(Blank) factors: Geographical size, population, valuation, response time, and topography of the community

A

Physical

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6
Q

(Blank) factors: access and barriers to all areas

A

Access

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7
Q

(Blank) factors: the nature of the business that occupy the buildings

A

Occupancy

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8
Q

(Blank) factors: age, type, and density of structures

A

Structural

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9
Q

(Blank) factors: fire department resources, and for fire fighting purpose, water supply capabilities

A

Resource

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10
Q

(Blank) factors: stairwells and other penetrations to allow for rescue and fire spread

A

Survival

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11
Q

True or false, most buildings were built using the minimum type of code structure that is permitted by the code

A

True

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12
Q

The primary purpose of a building code is to prescribe standards that will keep buildings from

A

Falling down

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13
Q

The goals of building code are

A
  1. Maintaining Structural integrity
  2. Preventing fire spread
  3. Prevent time for escape or shelter
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14
Q

The late Frank Brannigan Described fire resistance as

A

Fire endurance

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15
Q

(Blank) is measured by the length of time typical structural Members and assemblies resist specified temperatures under test conditions

A

Fire resistance

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16
Q

Francis Branigan send, “ in general it can be said the building makes the (blank) “

A

Problem

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17
Q

Fire (blank) will Be affected by the types of building materials used, the construction methods, and the built in fire protection features installed during construction

A

Intensity and behavior

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18
Q

The term (blank) ,When applied to construction materials, means protected from the effects of fire by encasement

A

Protected

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19
Q

Concrete, Gypsum, and spray on coatings are all used to (blank) construction elements

A

Protect

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20
Q

True or false, the code specifies the minimum requirements but permits the use of materials that exceed those requirements

A

True

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21
Q

True or false, some buildings with combustible components are actually more fire resistant then some non-combustible buildings

A

True

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22
Q

There are how many basic construction types recognized by the international building code

A

Five

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23
Q

In type (blank) construction, the structural elements are non-combustible and are predicted to the highest level

A

1

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24
Q

(Blank) is encased in concrete, gypsum, or cementitious coding

A

Structural steel

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25
Q

High-rise buildings with Steel structural elements encased in concrete are examples of what type of building

A

Type 1

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26
Q

In type (blank) Buildings fire spread from floor to floor via windows, or through vertical openings that have not been properly firestopped in accordance with the code, is possible

A

1

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27
Q

The difference between type one and fire resistive and type two noncombustible is in the level of protection of the

A

Structural elements

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28
Q

A typical strip shopping center or big box store with Masonary block walls, steel bar Joyce, unprotected steel columns, and a steel roof deck is a type

A

IIB(unprotected) Building

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29
Q

Steel loses his half of its strength at how many degrees

A

900

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30
Q

Steel has a high (blank), which means it can transfer heat away from a localized source and act as a heat sink

A

Thermal conductivity

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31
Q

Steel also as a high (blank) that results in the expansion of steel members as they are heated

A

Coefficient of expansion

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32
Q

A 50 foot long steel beam heated uniformly over its length from 72° to 972°F will expand in length by how many inches

A

3.9

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33
Q

A 50 foot long steel beam uniformly heated to 800°F would expand By how many inches

A

3.2

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34
Q

A 50 foot long steel beam heated uniformly over its length to 1200°F would expand by how many inches

A

4.9

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35
Q

Type (Blank) construction, the exterior of the building is non-combustible, typically Masonary, and may be rated depending on the horizontal distance to exposures

A

III

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36
Q

Type three construction is divided into two subtypes:

A

Protected and unprotected

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37
Q

In type III buildings, (blank) allow fire to travel undetected present challenges to the fire ground commander

A

Combustible voids

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38
Q

Type (blank) construction dates back to the New England cotton and woolen Mills of the mid-1800s

A

IV

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39
Q

Type for heavy timber construction is also called

A

Mill construction

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40
Q

In type (blank) construction the exterior walls are non-combustible(masonry), And the interior structural elements are unprotected would charge cross-sectional dimensions

A

IV

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41
Q

And tape IV Construction columns must be at least how many inches if supporting a floor load

A

8

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42
Q

And tape IV construction Joists and beams must be a minimum of how many inches wide and how many inches deep

A

8 Inches wide and 10 inches deep

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43
Q

(Blank) wood has an inherent fire resistive nature

A

Large diameter

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44
Q

What are not permitted within a type IV structure

A

Concealed spaces

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45
Q

In type (Blank) construction, the entire structure may be constructed of wood or any other approved material

A

V

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46
Q

Type V construction is called what

A

Wood frame

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47
Q

How well wood structural members will resist the effects of fire is directly related to what

A

Their mass

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48
Q

Light weight trusses may fail in

A

Minutes

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49
Q

Type V construction is subdivided into what types

A

Protected and unprotected

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50
Q

(Blank) are structurally independent and separate buildings

A

Firewalls

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51
Q

What two things are constructed within a building and separate fire areas, or block the passage of heat and smoke from Corredor’s or other areas

A

Fire barriers in Fire partitions

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52
Q

Modern building codes are for the most part what

A

Performance codes

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53
Q

What type of code might require all firewalls to be of a certain thickness of masonry block

A

Performance codes

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54
Q

What type of code merely identifies the performance required, such as resisting the passage of heat and sun for a given time

A

Performance code

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55
Q

The design professional is permitted to use any (blank) assembly that provides that fire resistance rating

A

Listed

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56
Q

What is an alternative method for satisfying the fire protection and life safety intent of construction codes

A

Performance based design

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57
Q

What is an engineer ring approach to design elements of a building based on agreed-upon performance goals in objectives

A

Performance based design

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58
Q

What is the total amount of combustible material with any fire area expressed in terms of pounds per square foot

A

Fuel load or fire load

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59
Q

What is the total amount of available fuel within a fire area

A

Fuel load

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60
Q

What is a better indicator of fire severity

A

heat release rate

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61
Q

What two factors are critical in developing and implementing a strategy to provide for the safety of the occupants, and to confine and extinguish the fire

A

Fuel load and heat release rate

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62
Q

The size, shape, or form, and arrangement of the combustible structural members will affect the (blank) and the rapidity at which a Fire grows and spreads

A

Heat release rate

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63
Q

What is a broad term that includes built in Extinguishing systems, fire detection and alarm devices, smoke control and removal equipment, and portable devices such as fire extinguishers

A

Fire protection systems

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64
Q

NFPA (blank), flammable and combustible liquid code

A

30

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65
Q

NFPA (blank), code for the manufacture and storage of aerosol products

A

30B

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66
Q

NFPA (blank) systems are by far the most commonly found installed in buildings in the United States

A

13

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67
Q

NFPA (blank) installation of sprinkler systems

A

13

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68
Q

NFPA (blank) installation of sprinkler systems in one and two family dwellings and manufactured homes

A

13D

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69
Q

NFPA (blank) installation of sprinkler systems in a residential occupancy is up to and including four stories in height

A

13R

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70
Q

NFPA (Blank) inspection, testing and maintenance of water based fire protection systems

A

25

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71
Q

NFPA (blank) placard system categorizes markings and three categories: health, flammability, and instability

A

407

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72
Q

(Blank) is the health category

A

Blue

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73
Q

(Blank) is the flammability category

A

Red

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74
Q

(Blake) represents the instability category

A

Yellow

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75
Q

What are a major cause of sprinkler system failures

A

Closed valves

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76
Q

The NFPA (blank) system is a property protection system that has had remarkable success at protecting people by quickly suppressing and often extinguishing fires in their insipient stages

A

13

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77
Q

Ordinary temperature rated heads that operate at between (blank) degrees are required to be installed throughout the buildings unless the area is subject to high heat conditions

A

135 to 170 degrees

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78
Q

(Blank) is the difference between the operating temperature of a fire detection device such as a sprinkler head in the actual air temperature when the device activates

A

Thermal lag

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79
Q

Sprinkler head spacing and discharge per square foot known as density are dependent upon what

A

Occupancy classification

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80
Q

NFPA (blank) systems are designed to protect residential occupancies up to four-stories
High

A

13R

81
Q

Combustible voids, as well as closets not exceeding (blank) square feet and bathrooms not exceeding (blank) square feet, are not required to be sprinklered

A

24

55

82
Q

The total building area exempted from sprinkler protection has been estimated as high as how many percent

A

65

83
Q

Hotels, motels, boarding houses, in apartment buildings are typically protected with NFPA (blank) systems

A

13R

84
Q

What are the four types of sprinkler systems

A

What pipe, dry pipe, pre-action, and deluge

85
Q

What systems are by far the most commonly found systems in most jurisdictions

A

What pipe sprinkler systems

86
Q

(Blank) sprinkler systems are the quickest to getting water on the fire and are the simplest to maintain

A

Wet pipe

87
Q

Wet pipe systems are installed where indoor temperatures can be maintained At (blank) degrees

A

40

88
Q

In wet pipe sprinkler systems, antifreeze systems are sometimes used were freezing is expected, but the systems are usually limited to how many gallons or less

A

40

89
Q

(Blank) sprinkler systems are installed in warehouses, parking garages, factories, and other buildings where there is a danger of freezing

A

Dry pipe

90
Q

(Blank) valves are designed so that a moderate amount of air pressure in the system above the valve is capable of holding back a much greater water pressure

A

Dry pipe

91
Q

The ratio of air pressure to water pressure at which the valve will open or trip is called the

A

The differential

92
Q

(Blank) sprinkler systems are installed in properties were potential water damage from broken piping or sprinkler heads is of particular concern

A

Pre-action

93
Q

(Blank) systems are dry systems in which the water supply valve is opened on a signal from detection devices such as heat or smoke detectors

A

Preaction

94
Q

The sprinkler heads in a (blank) system our traditional closed heads, which must be fused by heat to open, discharging water only over the fire

A

Pre-action

95
Q

(Blank) sprinkler systems are installed in extra hazard occupancies where there is the possibility of a flash fire or fire growth so rapid that the response of a standard sprinkler system is too slow

A

Deluge

96
Q

Facilities with large quantities of flammable liquids or materials that pose a Deflagration Hazard are protected with these systems

A

Deluge systems

97
Q

Aircraft hangers, flammable liquid tank vehicle loading racks, and industrial facilities that process Flammable or explosive materials are among those protected by (blank) systems

A

Deluge

98
Q

(Blank) systems are required at tall and very large buildings where were advancing hand lines the entire distance would be prohibitive

A

Standpipe

99
Q

(Blank) systems are classified according to their intended use, by the building occupants, fire department, or both

A

Standpipe

100
Q

Generally, standpipe connections are required where in buildings

A

On each floor, at every exit stairway and on each side of a horizontal exit

101
Q

Buildings under construction are generally required to have at least one standpipe or temporary standpipe, capable of flowing (blank) GPM within one floor of the top of the building

A

500

102
Q

Fire department connections are required for all water-based fire extinguishing systems and standpipe systems with the exception of the limited area sprinkler systems of less than (blank) heads and NFPA (blank) sprinkler systems

A

20

13D

103
Q

(Blank) systems are used in various applications including range hood and duct fire protection, paint spray booth protection, and even at unattended Self service motor vehicle fueling sites

A

Wet and dry chemical extinguishing

104
Q

Wet and dry chemical extinguishing systems are used for significant mechanisms of extinguishing fires which are

A

Smothering, cooling, radiation shielding, and chain breaking

105
Q

(Blank) and other extinguishing agents that do not leave a residue are the agent of choice for certain high value commodities and equipment

A

Halon

106
Q

What two Halon compounds are effective extinguishing agents that are considered non toxic

A

Halon 1211 & 1301

107
Q

(Blank) agents suppress fires by interrupting the chemical chain reaction and will not extinguish deep seated fire in class A and materials

A

Halogenated

108
Q

The US government ban the production and importation of halons (Blank) and (blank) effective January 1, 1994

A

1211 and 1301

109
Q

(Blank) is cheap, leaves no residue and is a highly effective extinguishing agent for class B and C fires

A

Carbon dioxide

110
Q

Carbon dioxide in concentrations of over about how many percent will render persons unconscious almost immediately

A

9

111
Q

NFPA (blank), standard on carbon dioxide extinguishing systems contains installation, maintenance, and testing procedures

A

12

112
Q

What systems are generally installed to protect hazards outside of buildings

A

Fixed foam and water spray

113
Q

(Blank) systems protect flammable liquid storage facilities and (blank) systems are generally for exposure protection

A

Foam

Water spray

114
Q

NFPA (blank), standard on carbon dioxide extinguishing systems

A

12

115
Q

NFPA (blank), standard on Halon 1301 fire extinguishing systems

A

12A

116
Q

NFPA (blank), standard for the installation of sprinkler systems

A

13

117
Q

NFPA (blank), standard for the installation of standpipes and hose systems

A

14

118
Q

NFPA (blank), standard for water spray fixed systems for fire protection

A

15

119
Q

NFPA (blank), standard for dry chemical extinguishing systems

A

17

120
Q

NFPA (blank), standard for your wet chemical extinguishing systems

A

17 A

121
Q

NFPA (blank), standard for inspection, testing, and maintenance of water based fire protection systems

A

25

122
Q

NFPA (blank), national fire alarm code

A

72

123
Q

Air handling units over (blank) CFM must automatically shut down upon activation of a duct smoke detector installed upstream from the air handler

A

2000

124
Q

True or false, smoke alarms are required in residential occupancy and must be interconnected with individual dwelling units

A

True

125
Q

The design, installation and maintenance of fire alarm systems are regulated by NFPA (blank), the national fire alarm code

A

72

126
Q

Systems that control the movement of (blank) or provide for the rapid exhaust of (blank) are required in atriums , covered malls, high piled combustible storage facilities, underground structures and large theaters

A

Smoke

127
Q

Smoke and heat vents are required in large factory and storage buildings where the (blank) travel is long

A

Length of exit access

128
Q

Curtain boards, which extends from the ceiling a minimum of (blank) feet are installed to retard the lateral movement of smokes and gasses

A

6

129
Q

NFPA (blank) outlines the fire safety concept tree, it shows the link between fire prevention activities and fire damage control strategies

A

550

130
Q

What is the term used to define the way fire performs a reacts and given situations

A

Fire behavior

131
Q

(Blank) is the body of knowledge concerning the study of fire and related subjects and their interaction with people, structures, and the environment

A

Fire science

132
Q

What helps explain how fires burn and how they are extinguished

A

The fire tetrahedron

133
Q

A fourth side of the fire tetrahedron is called what , it recognizes the presence of an ongoing complex chemical process

A

Continuous chain reaction

134
Q

The first stage of a fire is called the (blank), the fire may smolder for a period of time that ranges from seconds to hours before there is sufficient heat to produce open flame

A

Insipient phase

135
Q

The second stage of a fire is called the (blank), as the fuel is burning free of nearly any constraint

A

Free burning phase

136
Q

Because of the dynamic forces at work, we see rapid fire extension during What phase

A

Free burning phase

137
Q

The third stage is called the (blank) stage, assuming that the structure is still intact the fire will have consumed a portion of the oxygen in the air and the fire is reduced to where it just smolders again

A

Smoldering stage

138
Q

Heat from a fire Rises and stratifies Within an enclosed space, this natural process is called

A

Thermal stratification

139
Q

In an enclosed environment such as found in structures, gases spread out and travel along the ceiling well in advance of the front of the actual fire, this is called

A

Roll over

140
Q

Rollover may proceed the body of fire by as much as how many feet

A

20

141
Q

Experimental work indicates that flashover can occur when upper room temperatures are between what and what

A

750 And 1112°F

142
Q

Survival time of a fire fighter in bunker gear and breathing apparatus, fully encapsulated with gloves, hood, and helmet flops down, is estimated to be less than how many seconds

A

10

143
Q

The key to preventing fire fighter deaths and injuries from flash overs is to prevent the flash over, as noted in NFPA (blank), standard on live fire training evolutions

A

1403

144
Q

Conditions known to be variables affecting the attainment of flash over are:

A
  1. HRR of materials
  2. Preheating of Combustibles
  3. Combustibility of wall and ceiling materials
  4. Room geometry
145
Q

Firefighters participating in a live fire exercise should be thoroughly briefed on the nature of a flash over and techniques for immediately exiting the danger area in how much time

A

15 to 30 seconds maximum

146
Q

True or false the 2007 addition of an NFPA 1403 allows utilization of normally closed roof ventilation openings that can be opened in the event of an emergency

A

True

147
Q

Agencies conducting life fire training must comply with NFPA blank

A

1403

148
Q

The safety team must have a hose line of sufficient flow (blank) to extinguish a fire involving the entire fire room

A

Minimum of 95 GPM

149
Q

Of all the fire related events described here, (blank) explosions are the most forceful

A

Backdraft

150
Q

What term describes the spread Of the fire through the fuel load and the structure itself

A

Fire extension

151
Q

(Blank) can be described as the procedure that is necessary to affect a planned and systematic direction and removal of smoke, heat, and fire gases from within the structure

A

Ventilation

152
Q

(Blank) ventilation is Effective for small fires and may require nothing more than opening a few doors and windows

A

Natural ventilation

153
Q

(Blank) ventilation is an alternative that uses fans or blowers to force the movement of air through the structure

A

Mechanical

154
Q

What reduces the probability of Backdraft and flashover

A

Ventilation

155
Q

What impacts the effectiveness of water

A

The application rate and the droplet size

156
Q

Effective fire suppression occurs when the heat from the involved materials is transferred to the (blank) being applied

A

Water

157
Q

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1°F is called what

A

British thermal unit

158
Q

What is a term used to describe the heat absorbing capacity of a substance

A

Specific heat

159
Q

Water weighs about how many pounds per gallon

A

8.3

160
Q

How many BTUs does each gallon of water have the potential for absorbing when heated from 60° to 212°

A

1266

161
Q

What term means the quantity of heat absorbed by a substance when it changes from a liquid to a vapor

A

Latent heat of vaporization

162
Q

What is the term used by scientist when measuring the quantity of heat or energy released per unit of weight

A

Heat of combustion

163
Q

Wood and paper yield about how many BTUs per pound

A

8000

164
Q

Polystyrene yields how many BTUs per pound

A

18,000

165
Q

Gasoline yields how many BTUs per pound

A

19,000

166
Q

True or false, flammable liquids and gases burn more readily than solids

A

True

167
Q

Research has Showing that the average load of fuel in typical residential structures is about how many pounds per square foot

A

Four

168
Q

The rate of water needed to control the fire is called

A

The theoretical fire flow

169
Q

What is the national fire Academy’s fire flow formula

A

Gpm=area in square feet/3

170
Q

What is a self operating thermal sensitive device that releases a spray of water over a designed area to control or extinguish the fire

A

An automatic fire protection sprinkler

171
Q

What is a type of explosion caused by sudden influx of air into a mixture of burning gases that have been heated to the ignition temperature of at least one of them

A

Backdraft explosion

172
Q

What is the term for the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1°F

A

British thermal unit

173
Q

What is an assessment of the consequences on the community, which includes the property and the environment

A

Community consequences

174
Q

What is the science of the phenomena and consequences of fire

A

Fire behavior

175
Q

What is the movement of fire from one area to another

A

Fire extension

176
Q

What is the resistance of a building to collapse or to total involvement in fire or the property of materials and their assemblies, which prevents or retards the passage of excessive heat, hot Gases or flames under conditions of use

A

Fire resistance

177
Q

What is a dramatic event in a room fire that rapidly leads to full involvement of all combustible materials present

A

Flash over

178
Q

What is the second phase of fire Growth, has sufficient fuel in oxygen to allow for continued fire Growth

A

Free burning phase

179
Q

What is the total amount of combustible material within a fire area, expressed in terms of pounds per square foot

A

Fuel load or fire load

180
Q

What is the amount of heat given off by a particular substance during the combustion process

A

Heat of combustion

181
Q

What is the minimum temperature to which a substance must be heated to start combustion after An ignition source is introduced

A

Ignition temperature

182
Q

What is the first stage of fire Growth, limited to the material originally ignited

A

Insipient phase

183
Q

What factors are the number of people in danger, the immediacy of their danger, and their ability to provide for their own safety

A

Life risk factors

184
Q

What are equipment or materials included in a document prepared by an Approved testing agency indicating that the equipment or materials were tested in accordance with an approved test protocol and found suitable for a specific use

A

Listed

185
Q

What in broad terms means constructed of materials that will not burn

A

Non-combustible construction

186
Q

What is an alternative method for Satisfying the fire protection and life safety intent of construction codes based on agreed on performance goals and objectives, engineering analysis, and quantitative assessment of alternatives against the design goals and objectives

A

Performance based design

187
Q

What is a perspective Code that assigns An objective to be met and establishes criteria for determining compliance

A

Performance code

188
Q

What construction is protected from the effects of fire by encasement; concrete, gypsum, and sprayed on fire resistance coatings are all used to protect structural elements

A

Protected

189
Q

What is an Ignition of gases that have risen and Encountered fresh air, and thus a new supply of oxygen

A

Roll over

190
Q

What is a mental assessment of the situation; gathering in analyzing information that is critical to the outcome of an event

A

Size up

191
Q

What is the third stage of fire growth; once the oxygen has been reduced, visible fire diminishes

A

Smoldering phase

192
Q

What is a perspective code that specifies a type of construction or materials to be used

A

Specification code

193
Q

What is the heat absorbing capacity of a substance

A

Specific heat

194
Q

What is an assessment of the age, condition, and structure type of a building, and the proximity of exposures

A

Structural factors

195
Q

What is the water flow requirements expressed in gallons per minute needed to control a fire in a given area

A

Theoretical fire flow

196
Q

What is the difference between the operating temperature of a fire detection device such as a sprinkler head and the actual air temperature when the device activates

A

Thermal lag

197
Q

This is the rising of hotter gases in an enclosed space

A

Thermal stratification

198
Q

This is a systematic process to enhance the removal of smoke and fire by products and the entry of cooler air to facilitate rescue and fire fighting operations

A

Ventilation

Company Officer (Smoke) (13 decks)

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