CH 1-2 Flashcards
who were the only ones able to paint their nails red in ancient Egypt and how did they do it
only royalty. stained with henna.
lower class could wear pale colors
when was the first modern nail polish become available to nail techs
1930s
what was the first nail wrap and when was it invented
Juliette wrap created by Juliette marglensn
when was the first monomer liquid and polymer powder introduced to nail techs
1970’s
what is anatomy, physiology and histology
anatomy- structures of the human body and the substances they’re made of
physiology- functions and activities performed by bodies structures
histology- (microscopic anatomy) structure and composition of tissue
what are cells made of
protoplasm -colorless jelly like substance
food elements are present ( proteins, fats, carbs, mineral salts, water) like the whites of a raw egg
what do cells include
protoplasm, nucleus, organelles, and cell membrane.
what is the nucleus
center of cell, dense active protoplasm. important role in metabolism and reproduction. the yolk of an egg
what is the nucleoplasm
inside nucleus, fluid that contains proteins and very important acid (deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)
what is Deoxyrubonucliec acid
DNA - determines genetic makeup (eye color, skin, hair)
what is the cytoplasm
part of protoplasm - outside of the nucleus, inside cell wall. surrounds nucleus. needed for growth, reproduction and self repair.
which cells have mitochondria and what dont
muscle cells have thousand mitochondria (because they need a lot of energy)
red blood cells have no mitochondria, NEURONS
what is mitochondria
take in nutrients, break them down and create energy. keeps cells full of energy.
small organelles floating freely throughout cell
what chem energy is inside cells for metabolism
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
What does the cell membrane do
allows good substances and removes bad ones. protects cells from surroundings, communicates with other cells, linking together to form tissues
describe cell reproduction
cell divides into two identical cells (daughter cells) through mitosis. the cell will grow back and reproduce if conditions are favorable
what are the two phases of cell metabolism
anabolism- (constructive metabolism) combines smaller molecules to builder larger more complex molecules.
catabolism-larger more complex molecules are broken down to create smaller simpler molecules. as a result, energy is released to be stored / used.
they are carried out at the same time 24 hrs a day
what are the 4 types of the human body
connective tissue - fibrous tissue that binds together, protects supports parts of body (bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia) that separate muscle, liquid tissue (blood, lymph, fat) which is also called adipose tissue
epithelial tissue- protective covering (skin, mucous membranes, tissues inside mouth, lining of heart)
muscle tissue- contracts and moves various parts of the body
nerve tissue- carries messages thru central nervous system to control / coordinate all bodily functions
nerve tissue is made of neurons which make up the brain, nerves spinal cord
what does adipose tissue
gives smoothness and contour the body. protects internal organs and insulate the body.
what is the largest organ of the body
integumentary. (skin and accessory organs. oil/sweat glands, hair nails) first line of defense against infection and water loss. regulates temp, produces vitamin d
how many bones in body
born with 300, some fuse together and end up with 206
what are the 5 type of functions of the skeletal system
giving shape to support body
protecting internal structures/organs
serving as attachments for muscles. acts as levers to produce body movement
help produce white and red blood cells
storing most of the body calcium supply (as well as phosphorus, magnesium and sodium)
what are the 2 types of joints
moveable (elbows, knees hips)
immovable (pelvis, skull)
name important bones of the arm and hand (her comp) HURCMP
humerus- uppermost and largest bone of arm. extending from elbow to shoulder
ulna-longer bone on forearm. larger at elbow than the wrist. located on little finger side of the hand
radius- shorter of two bones on forearm. largest at wrist.located on thumb side of hand
carpus- the wrist. composed of 8 small irregular bones held together by ligaments
metacarpus- bones of the palm and hand. containing 5 bones between carpus and phalanges.
phalanges- bones of fingers or toes, digits.
what are the 4 bones of the leg
femur-heavy long bone forms leg above knee
tibia- larger of 2 bones that form leg below knee. a bump on the big toe side of ankle
fibula- smaller of 2 bones that form leg below knee. bump on the little toe side of ankle
patella- (accessory bone ) forms cap of the knee joint
what 3 bones is the ankle joint made up of
tibia- down from the leg
fibula- down from the leg
talus- (ankle bone)
how many bones is the foot made up from
- divides into 3 categories - 7 tarsal bones , 5 metatarsal bones , 14 phalanges
name tarsal metatarsal and phalanges
tarsul- talus, calcareous, navicular, 3 cuneiform bones, cubes
metatarsal- (long, slender)
phalanges- compose of the toes. similar to hand phalanges (finger bones)
how many phalanges are in each toe
3 in every toe except big toe which has 2 9 HAS NO MEDIAL )
name the phalanges in the toes
distal (top- tip toe) medial (middle) proximal (bottom closest to foot)
Myology
study of structure function and disease of muscles.
body has over 600 muscles, make up 40% of bodys weight
what is the difference between striated and nonstriated muscles
striated- (skeletal muscles) attached to bones, voluntary/consciously controlled (posture)
nonstriated- (smooth muscles) involuntary. function automatically without conscious will. found in internal organs (digestive system)
what is the organ that does not move
origin - usually part of a skeletal muscle. attached to skeleton
what are ways muscular tissue can be stimulated by
massage , electrical current, infrared light, dry heat, moist heat, nerve impuloses
what are the 4 muscles that attached the arms to the body (LPST)
lattisumus dorsi-large flat triangular muscle covering lower back
pectorial major/minor- chest assisting swinging movements of arm
serrarus anterior- chest muscle that assists in breathing and raising arm
trapezius- covers back of neck and middle back , rotates and controls swinging movements of arm
name the 3 principle muscles of upper arm
bicep-lift forearm and flex elbow
deltoid- large triangular muscle covering shoulder joint. allows arm to extend outward and to side
tricep- covers entire back of upper arm, extends forearm
name 4 muscles of forearm
extensors- straighten the wrist, hand and fingers to form straight line
flexors- extensor muscles involved in bending wrist
pronators-turn the hand inward so palm faces downward
supinators- rotates radius (forearm) outward and palm upward
name 2 muscles of hand (most complex part of body, small muscles that overlap)
abductors- separate fingers (ab=open)
adductors- base of each finger draw fingers together
(ad=close)
name the 6 muscles of lower leg
extensor digitorum longus- bends foot up and extends toes
tibulis anterior- covers front of shin, bends foot upwards and inwards
peroneus longus- covers outer side of calf. inverts food and turns it outwards
peroenus brevis- originates in lower surface of fibular. bends foot down and out
gastrocnemius- attached to lower rear surface of heel, pulls foot down
soleus- upper portion of fibula. bends foot down
name 4 muscles of feet
flexor digiti minimi - moves little toe
flexor digitorum brevis- moves lesser toes. maintains balance while walking
abductor hallucis- moves big toe. maintains balance while walking/standing
abductor digiti minimi- separates toes
what is a nerve made of
fine fibers that cover every square inch of the body. there are over 200 billion nerve cells (neurons) in the body
whitish cords made of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue where impulses are transmitted.
origin in brain and spinal cord. send branches to all parts of body
what are the 3 main subdivisions of the nervous system
CNS - central nervous system
brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, cranial nerves. controls consciousness and mental activities, voluntary functions of 5 senses, voluntary muscle actions (body movements and facial expressions
PNS - peripheral nervous system-
connects peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the CNS. has sensory and motor nerves. carry impulses/messages to and from the CNS
ANS- autonomic nervous system
controls involuntary miscues. regulates action of smooth miscues, heart and normal breathing
what make up the CNS
brain and spinal cord
what make up the PNS
peripheral nerves and sensory receptors
What is the brain and what does it do
Largest most complex nerve tissue. contained in the cranium, weighs less than 3lbs. controls sensation, muscles, activity of glands, and power to think sense and feel
it sends and receives messages thru 12 pairs of cranial nerves
what is the spinal cord and what does it do
portion of CNS originates in the brain, extends down to lower extremity of trunk. protected by spinal column. 31 pairs of spinal nerves distributed to muscles and skin of trunk and limbs
what is the primary structural unit of the nervous system
a neuron (nerve cell)
made of cell body, nucleus, dendrites and axon
what are dendrites and axon
dendrites- tree like branches of nerve fibers extending from nerve cell that carry impulses from other neurons
axon- send impulses away from cell body to other neurons, glands or muscles
what are the two types of nerves
Sensory and motor
sensory- carry impulses/ messages from the sense organs to the brain. where touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell and pressure are experienced.
motor- carry impulses from brain to muscles/glands. produce movement
what are the 4 nerves of the hand
digital, radial, median and ulnar
digital- fingers (digits)
radial- thumb side
median- smaller nerves- arm and hand
ulnar- pinky side
name the 7 nerves of lower leg and foot
Tibial nerve, common peroneal nerve, deep peroneal nerve, superficial peroneal nerve, dorsal nerve, saphenous nerve, sureal nerve
describe what the 7 nerves of lower leg and foot do
tibial- (division of sciatic nerve) passes behind knee, subdivides. supplies impulses to knee, muscles of calf , skin of leg, sole, heal and underside of toes
common peroneal nerve- (division of sciatic nerve) extends from back of knee to wind around head of fibula to front of leg where It divides into 2 branches
deep peroneal nerve- (anterior tibial nerve) front of leg, behind muscles. supplies impulses to muscles and skin on top of foot and adjacent sides of the first and second toes
superficial peroneal nerve- (musculcutaneous nerve) extends down leg, just under the skin, , supplying impulses to the muscles and skin of leg skin, and toes on top of foot where it is called the DORSAL NERVE
saphenous nerve- supplies impulses to skin of inner side of leg and foot
sural nerve- supplies impulses to skin on outer side and back of the foot and leg
what is the circulatory system (cardiovascular system)
controls steady circulation of blood thru body by the heart and blood vessels
what are the two divisions of circulatory system
blood vascular and lymph vascular system
blood vascular- heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. distribute blood thru body
lymph- aids the blood system. made of lymph spaces: lymphatics, lymph nodes, and other
describe lymphatics, lymph nodes and lymph
lymphatics- lymph vessels
lymph nodes- special structures inside lymph
lymph= clear fluid. circulates throughout lymphatics of body, carries waste/I,purities away from cells. routed back to circulatory system
what is the heart
“bodys pump” cone shaped. enclosed by membranous sax known as pericardium (made of epithelial tissue, protects against infection, provides lubricant)
size of closed fist- 9oz. heartbeat regulated by vagus nerve and other nerves in ANS normal is 60-80 BPM. can go to 100 BPM.
what are the 4 chambers of the heart
right atrium , left atrium (blood is pumped to ventricles) (these are the upper thin walled chambers )
right atrium (lower chambers of heart) and left atrium (lower thick walled chambers)
what are the 4 valves of the heart
what are valves
structures that temporarily close to permit blood flow in one direction within each contraction/relaxation of heart. blood travels from atrial to the ventricle. blood flows continuously
what are the two systems that attend to blood circulation
pulmonary cand systematic circulation.
pulmonary- sends blood from heart to lungs to be purified, then back to the heart
systematic- (general circulation) carries blood from heart thru the body and back to heart.
explain how the heart works
deoxygenated blood flows from body to right atrium
then flows thru tricuspid valve into right ventricle
right ventricle pumps blood into pulmonary arteries which move deoxygenated blood to lungs, when reaches lungs - release carbon dioxide and replaces with oxygen
oxygen rich blood returns to heart thru pulmonary veins and enters left atrium
blood flows thru mitral valve to left ventricle. blood leaves left ventricle and travels to all parts of body
what are blood vessels
tube like structures that include arteries , capillaries and veins. function is to transport blood to and from heart and and then to various tissues of bodyq
what are arteries
thick walled flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries. arterial trunk carries oxygenated blood from heart to be distributed by branch arteries
largest artery in the body= aorta
what are capillaries
tiny thin walled blood vessels- connect smaller arteries to veins. bring nutrients to cells and carry away waste materials
what are veins
thin walled blood vessels- less flexible than arteries. contain cuplike valves that prevent back flow and carry blood containing waste products from capillaries back to heart and lungs for cleansing and to pick up oxygen.
located closer to outer skin surface than arteries
what is blood
nutritive fluid circulating thru circulatory system to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells/tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them. 8-20 pints of blood in body. blood is 80% water 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. red blood is oxygen rich (bright red in arteries) blue blood is oxygen poor (dark red in veins)
what is blood composed of
red and white cells, platelets, plasma and hemoglobin
describe red and white blood cells
red- produced in red bone marrow, contain hemoglobin ( iron containing protein that temporarily binds with oxygen)
their function is to carry oxygen from lungs to body cells and transport carbon dioxide from cells back to lungs
white- (leukocytes) perform the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms
what are platelets and plasma
platelets- much smaller than red blood cell, contribute to blood clotting process which stops bleeding
plasma- fluid part of blood where red and white blood cells and platelets flow. 90% water- contains proteins and sugars. main function is to carry food and other useful substances to the cells and remove carbon dioxide from cells
what are the chief functions of blood
carries water, oxygen, and food to all cells / tissues of body
carries away carbon dioxide/waste products to be eliminated thru lungs, skin, kidneys, large intestine
equalize body temp.
works with immune system protects body against bacteria toxins
seals leaks in injured blood vessels by forming clots preventing further blood loss
what are the 2 main arteries are the main blood supply of the arms and hands
ulnar and radial arteries
ulnar- (numerous branches) supply little finger side of arm and palm of hand
radial supply thumb side of arm and back side of hand.
what are the 4 major arteries that supply blood to the lower leg and foot
popliteal , anterior tibial, posterior artery, dorsalis pedis artery
popliteal- supplies blood to foot/ divides into 2 (anterior tibial and posterior tibial
anterior tibial- supplies blood to lower leg muscles and skin on top of foot adjacent sides of first and second toes. goes to the foot and becomes dorsal period artery.
dorsal pedis - supplies foot with blood
posterior tibial - supplies blood to ankles and back of lower leg
just like the arm and hand- important veins of lower leg/foot are almost parallel with arteries and take same names
describe primary functions of lymphatic/immune system:
made up of lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen and lymph vessels that act as an aid to blood system.
what is lymph
colorless watery fluid from blood plasma that has filtered thru capillary walls into tissue spaces
function is to protect body from disease by helping to develop immunities that destroy disease causing microorganisms. drains tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluids (blood plasma found in spaces between tissue cells) to the blood carries impurities away from cells
what is the similarities and differences between lymphatic system and blood/ cardiovascular system?
similarity- closely connected- both transport fluids, like rivers thru out body
differences- lymphatic system transports lymph, eventually returns to blood where it is originated.
how are lymph capillaries formed
lymphatic vessels start as tubes that are closed on one end. clusters of those tubes form lymph capillaries which are distributed throughout most of body (except nervous system)
how does lymph filtering help fight infection
lymph from vessels is filtered by lymph nodes (gland like structures found inside lymphatic vessels)
what are the primary functions of lymphatic system?
carry nourishment from blood to body cells
act as defense against toxins and invading bacteria
remove waste material from body cells to blood
provide suitable fluid environment from cells
what is the endocrine system
group of specialized glands that affect growth, development, sexual activities, and health
what are glands
specialized organs that remove elements from blood to convert into new compounds
what are the two main types of glands
exocrine and endocrine
exocrine -(duct glands) produce substance that travel thru small, tubelike ducts. sweat and oil glands of skin belong to this group
endocrine- (ductless glands) (thyroid/pituitary glands) release hormones directly into bloodstream which influence welfare of entire body. hormones (such as insulin, adrenaline, estrogen stimulate functional activity/secretion in other parts of body
list endocrine glands and functions
pineal gland - sexual development, sleep, metabolism
pituitary gland- most complex. affects almost every physiologic process of body (growth, blood pressure, contractions child birth, breast milk production, sex organ function, thyroid function, metabolism)
parathyroid gland- regulate blood calcium /phosohorus levels so nervous and muscular systems can function properly
pancreas- enzyme producing cells, responsible for digesting carbs, proteins, fats. control insulin/glucagon production.
adrenal glands- 30 steroid hormones. control metabolic processes of body (flight or fight responses)
ovaries/ testes - function in sexual reproduction
explain digestive system (gastrointestinal system)
responsible for breaking down food into nutrients and waste
what are digestive enzymes
chemicals that change foods into a form
food (now in soluble form) transported into bloodstream , used by bodys cells and tissues. digesting process takes about 9 hours
what organs play a crucial role in digestive system
mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, accessory digestive organs (liver, gall bladder, pancreas)
what is the excretory system
purifies body by eliminating waste matter
what organs play crustal role in excretory system
kidneys (urine)
liver (bile)
skin (perspiration)
large intestine ( decomposed/undigested food)
lungs- exhale carbon dioxide/other gases.
what is the respiratory system
enables breathing respiration (exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in lungs within each cell) consist of lungs and air passages.
located within chest cavity. protected by ribs
what are lungs
spongy tissues made of microscopic cells where air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one breathing cycle.
what is the diaphram
muscular wall separating thorax(chest) from abdomen , helps control breathing `
what happens during breathing cycle
exchange if gases-
breathing in= oxygen passed into blood
breathing out=carbon dioxide expelled from lungs
what is the integumentary system made up of
skin and various accessory organs (oil/sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair nails)
