cgier 32

Question 1

diffusion is driven by

Answer 1

-random elastic collisions between gas molecules
-no energy or momentum is lost or else they will lose velocity and end uo congregating aka liquefying at the bottom of the container

Question 2

velocity of the gas molecules is

Answer 2

near the speed of the sound ( 344 m/s) each molecule collides with another 10 to the power 10 times per second

Question 3

at high speed 02 and co2 — through the —- and equilibrium is established within —-

Answer 3

-diffuse, alveolar wall, 1 second
- inspiration takes 159 trachea 149 alveolus 100 and artery 92, tissue and vein is 40 and mitochondria is 2 partial pressure of 02

Question 4

the changes of pp is very – and takes — during respiration and values vary as a result of co2 and 02 exchange

Answer 4

quickly 0.75 sec

Question 5

lungs don’t completely — during —- they retain — of their maximum inspired volume which is —-

Answer 5

empty
expiration
30%
5-6 liters

Question 6

about — is exchanged during normal respiration which is called —-

Answer 6

500 ml , tidal volume

Question 7

during respiration — inspired air is not drawn into he alveolus , the alveolus is still filled w — from the previous breathe
02 reaches the — in the alveolus by — across the —-

Answer 7

• fresh
• stale
• stale air
• diffusion
• concentration gradient

Question 8

true or false: not all inspired air contributed 02 to the blood

Answer 8

true

Question 9

at the end of the —- air in the trachea and bronchi is — exposed to —-

Answer 9

inspiration , not , pulmonary capillaries
- anatomical dead space is: 150 ml

Question 10

snorkeling extends the ADS by — and the tidal volume — that’s why we run out of breath faster in snorkelling than swimming

Answer 10

• 70-80 ml
• stays the same ( 500ml)

Question 11

Laplace law predicts that smaller alveoli will

Answer 11

collaps first and yawning/deep breaths reinflates them

Question 12

—- often introduce random intermitted —– to inflate the collapsed alveoli in normal respiration

Answer 12

• artificial ventilators
• high pressure inflations

Question 13

the internal surface of the alveolus is coated with

Answer 13

liquid film and the liquid contains long lipo-proteins they act as surface active agents aka surfactant to reduce the surface tension and increase the concentration.
- polar head= soluble
- non polar tail = insoluble

Question 14

the surfactant floats in the surface of the film and attracts the

Answer 14

polar water molecule bc water is strongly attracted to the surfactant molecules than other water moliucles

Question 15

during inhalation the surfactant surface concentration is — so the surface tension is —-

Answer 15

low , high

Question 16

during exhalation the surfactant molecules are closer together , the concentration —- and the surface tension —

Answer 16

increase, decreases

Question 17

the surface tension contributes to — the force in expiration and the other half comes from the tissues —- .

Answer 17

50%, elasticity

Question 18

the effect of the surfactant means healthy lungs only deflates to — of the max inspired air

Answer 18

1/4

Question 19

(Respiratory Distress Syndrome -RDS) is caused when

Answer 19

the premature babies breathing tis difficult and the foteals surfactant develops late in the pregnancy ( the last 2 weeks ) that’s why they are placed on ventilators until their surfacntant is developed, we could use animal or artificial surfactant ( detergent )

Question 20

osmosis is the movement/difiisuion of gas molecules from

Answer 20

high to low concentration as they bass the permeable barrier until equilibrium is reached

Question 21

the solute is larger than the holes of the barrier and the solvent is smaller than the holes the barrier is called

Answer 21

semi- permeable membrane

Question 22

solvent will pass through the semi permeable membrane to —

Answer 22

dilute high concentration

Question 23

if the solvent concentration on RHS is less than LHS

Answer 23

solvent flows the semi permeable membrane to re-establish the solvents concnetration equilibrium

Question 24

the transfer of the solution ends when

Answer 24

osmotic pressure pushing the solvents across the membrane = gauge pressure of the solution on the other side

Question 25

osmotic pressure always occur when there is a difference in

Answer 25

solute concentration across the semi permeable membrane

Question 26

lysis occurs when

Answer 26

• rbc in hypotonic solution the solvent outside the cells will be pushed inside to = the solute concentration
• cells inflate then burst due to the huge internal osmotic pressure
• high concentration inside
• low concentration outside

Question 27

krenation occurs when

Answer 27

• hypertonic solution the solvent inside is pushed outside
• high solute concentration in the cellular plasma
• flows out
• shrivels and loses function

Question 28

osmotic implication in near drowning and treatment depends on:

Answer 28

type of water

Question 29

aspirated salt water

Answer 29

• sea water introduced to the alveoli will be hypertonic
• osmosis will force plasma into the lungs which will fill w/ fluid
• aka 2ndary drowning

Question 30

aspirated fresh water

Answer 30

• fresh water introduced to the alveoli will be hypotonic
• osmosis will force it from the lungs into the bloodstream
• hemaocrtic will be lowered and heart will be under stress
• diluted blood volume

Question 31

secondary drowning is caused by

Answer 31

aspiration of salt water

Question 32

water in the lungs causes –

Answer 32

dilution of the surfactant and makes respiration hard. which is why its important to remove water from the lungs especially salt water.
similar consideration occurs in pneumonia.