cgier 24 Flashcards
waste products are produced by
cellular metabolism
protein and nucleic acid degradation leads to —- such as — and — which are toxic and are eliminated by —-
- nitrogenous waste
- ammonia (NH3) and urea ( CO(NH2)2))
- excretion
the main excretory organ is — and the urinary system consist of —
- kindney
-ureturs , kidney , and the bladder
—- transports the urine from the kidney to the bladder
—- carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
—- stores the urine until voided from the body
- ureters
- urthera
- bladder
smooth beam shaped appearance lying one on either side in the — of the — below —
- kidney
- upper lumbar region
- abdominal cavity
- diaphragm
From the invaginated (indented) side of the kidney the — emerges to convey urine to the —-
urteurs , bladder
— are the structural and functional units of the kidney, and each kidney has over 1 million of them.
contains outer — and inner —-
- nephron
- cortex
- medulla
the — lies in the cortex and invaginated by tangle of blood capillaries called —
Bowmans corspule , glomerulus
Each nephron consists of an initial filtering component called the — and the — extends from the —-
- renal corpuscle
- tubule
- renel corspule
Each renal corpuscle contains a compact tuft of interconnected capillary loops called the
glomerulus or glomerular capillaries.
The glomerulus protrudes into a fluid-filled capsule called
Bowman’s capsule
The combination of a glomerulus and a Bowman’s capsule make up the
renel corpucle
is a very narrow, fluid-filled cylinder made up of a single layer of epithelial cells resting on a basement membrane.
renel tubule
the 2 types of nephrons
1-Juxtamedullary Nephrons:
- long loops of hence
- reponsible for osmotic gardient in the medulla for reapportion of water
- contains the renel corpuscle that border the cortex and the medulla
- 15%
-In close proximity with vasa recta, which are long blood vessels running alongside the loops of Henle
2- cortical nephrons:
- most nephrons , 85%
- short or no loops of henle
the urine flow is :
the blood flow is :
1- kidney -> ureters -> bladder - > urthera -> environment
2- aorta -> renel artieres ( afferent - effernt ) -> renel circulation (peritubular capillaries ) -> renel vein
the capillaries of the golomerlous are — which allows large amount of — to pass but low in — bc they r too big
- fenestrated
- solute-rich
- proteins
The inner layer of the glomerular filtration barrier contains a single-celled epithelial lining of — and the cells are called —
- Bowmans capsule
- podocyte
podocyte posses large number of — or — which surrounds the basement membrane.
the clefts of the podocyte are called —- between the filtrate enters the capsular space
- extensions or foot posses
- filtration slits they allow the fluid to pass into the Bowmans capsule
.Blood flows into glomerulus through the — and leaves the glomerulus by —
- afferent artioles
- efferent arteoles
true or false: the proximal tubule exists the Bowmans capsule
true
true or false: Bowmans capsule is made up of stratified squamous epithlium
fasle ; simple squamous epithelium
substances in the blood are filtered by — between the endothelial cells , the filtrate pass across the basement membrane and through the filtration slits between foot process called — and enters the —-.
Then the filtrate is transported into the — of the proximal convulted tubule
- capillaries pores
- pedicles
- capsular space
- lumen
THE THREE BASIC COMPONENTS OF RENAL FUNCTION
1- glomerlaur Filtration
2- tubular reabpstion
- tubular secretion
from the tubular lumen to the pertitubalr capillaries is
reabsorption
from peritublar capillaries to the tubular lumen is
secretion
filtration occurs in —- due to —- a solution will be forced from the glomerulus into the capsule
- golomours and the Bowmans capsule
- high blood arerial pressure of 60 mm hg
- no siginficant proteins in plasma
the glomerular pressure is opposed by the combination of: — and —
the net filtration pressure is —
- Bowmans capsule pressure : 15
- glomerular colloid osmotic pressure 29
- 16 mm hg
large proption of the blood flows to each kidney – % of each ventricular systole and or —-
- 21%
- 1200ml/min
the filteration rate of both kidney is — and the daily rate — or twice body weight
- 125ml/min
- 180
— is the volume of fluid filtered from the glomeruli into Bowman’s space per unit time.
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and its dependent on: the net filtration pressure, permeability of the corpuscular membrane, and the surface area available for filtration ( all are directly proportional )
the reabsorption can occur in the cell by — or through the tight junctions —
- transcellualr transport
- paracellular trasport
- both can be active or passive
the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have
microvilli on luminal side
at the base of the cells is a system of folds called
basal channels where active transport occurs in intercellular spaces
active transport set up — down their — and the transport involves —– and cl and negative ions are result of —-
- diffusion gardiens
- concentration gardient
- na+, glucose, vitamins, amino acids, ca++, k+ , acetoacetate
- electrochemical gardient up
Over 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the
tubules
— grams of plasma proteins escape per day and will be reabsorbed by — on microvilli leading to higher concentration of the solute .
- 30 grams
- pinocytosis
since the proximal tubule membrane is — permeable to water, the increased —- causes water to move —
- high
- osmotic pressure
- out of the filtrate
the end of the proximal tubule the fluid is about — w/blood and will be converted into —-
- iso-osmotic
- urine
secretion involves the movement of substances as —– from — to —
- h+ , potassium, organic anions
- pertiublar capillaries
- tubular lumen
Tubular secretion is an important mechanism for:
- controlling blood ph
- removing excess k+
- eliminating undesired substances or end product
- disposing drugs and their metabolites
therefore the maximum amount that can be reabsorbed depends on the maximum rate that the transport system can operate; consequently there is a
tubular transport maximum ( Tm)
before the Tm for a substance is reached there is a threshold concentration in the plasma above which the substance appears in the urine; this is called the
-renel threshold
- With Glucose the Renal Threshold is 125mg/min.
— the blood glucose exceeds its — at 320mg/min.
Thus all excess glucose appears in the urine
-diabetes mallitus
- tubular transport maximum
