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cgier > cgier 24 > Flashcards

cgier 24 Flashcards

1
Q

waste products are produced by

A

cellular metabolism

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2
Q

protein and nucleic acid degradation leads to —- such as — and — which are toxic and are eliminated by —-

A
  • nitrogenous waste
  • ammonia (NH3) and urea ( CO(NH2)2))
  • excretion
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3
Q

the main excretory organ is — and the urinary system consist of —

A
  • kindney
    -ureturs , kidney , and the bladder
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4
Q

—- transports the urine from the kidney to the bladder
—- carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
—- stores the urine until voided from the body

A
  • ureters
  • urthera
  • bladder
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5
Q

smooth beam shaped appearance lying one on either side in the — of the — below —

A
  • kidney
  • upper lumbar region
  • abdominal cavity
  • diaphragm
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6
Q

From the invaginated (indented) side of the kidney the — emerges to convey urine to the —-

A

urteurs , bladder

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7
Q

— are the structural and functional units of the kidney, and each kidney has over 1 million of them.
contains outer — and inner —-

A
  • nephron
  • cortex
  • medulla
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8
Q

the — lies in the cortex and invaginated by tangle of blood capillaries called —

A

Bowmans corspule , glomerulus

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9
Q

Each nephron consists of an initial filtering component called the — and the — extends from the —-

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • tubule
  • renel corspule
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10
Q

Each renal corpuscle contains a compact tuft of interconnected capillary loops called the

A

glomerulus or glomerular capillaries.

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11
Q

The glomerulus protrudes into a fluid-filled capsule called

A

Bowman’s capsule

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12
Q

The combination of a glomerulus and a Bowman’s capsule make up the

A

renel corpucle

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13
Q

is a very narrow, fluid-filled cylinder made up of a single layer of epithelial cells resting on a basement membrane.

A

renel tubule

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14
Q

the 2 types of nephrons

A

1-Juxtamedullary Nephrons:
- long loops of hence
- reponsible for osmotic gardient in the medulla for reapportion of water
- contains the renel corpuscle that border the cortex and the medulla
- 15%
-In close proximity with vasa recta, which are long blood vessels running alongside the loops of Henle
2- cortical nephrons:
- most nephrons , 85%
- short or no loops of henle

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15
Q

the urine flow is :
the blood flow is :

A

1- kidney -> ureters -> bladder - > urthera -> environment
2- aorta -> renel artieres ( afferent - effernt ) -> renel circulation (peritubular capillaries ) -> renel vein

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16
Q

the capillaries of the golomerlous are — which allows large amount of — to pass but low in — bc they r too big

A
  • fenestrated
  • solute-rich
  • proteins
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17
Q

The inner layer of the glomerular filtration barrier contains a single-celled epithelial lining of — and the cells are called —

A
  • Bowmans capsule
  • podocyte
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18
Q

podocyte posses large number of — or — which surrounds the basement membrane.
the clefts of the podocyte are called —- between the filtrate enters the capsular space

A
  • extensions or foot posses
  • filtration slits they allow the fluid to pass into the Bowmans capsule
19
Q

.Blood flows into glomerulus through the — and leaves the glomerulus by —

A
  • afferent artioles
  • efferent arteoles
20
Q

true or false: the proximal tubule exists the Bowmans capsule

A

true

21
Q

true or false: Bowmans capsule is made up of stratified squamous epithlium

A

fasle ; simple squamous epithelium

22
Q

substances in the blood are filtered by — between the endothelial cells , the filtrate pass across the basement membrane and through the filtration slits between foot process called — and enters the —-.
Then the filtrate is transported into the — of the proximal convulted tubule

A
  • capillaries pores
  • pedicles
  • capsular space
  • lumen
23
Q

THE THREE BASIC COMPONENTS OF RENAL FUNCTION

A

1- glomerlaur Filtration
2- tubular reabpstion
- tubular secretion

24
Q

from the tubular lumen to the pertitubalr capillaries is

A

reabsorption

25
Q

from peritublar capillaries to the tubular lumen is

A

secretion

26
Q

filtration occurs in —- due to —- a solution will be forced from the glomerulus into the capsule

A
  • golomours and the Bowmans capsule
  • high blood arerial pressure of 60 mm hg
  • no siginficant proteins in plasma
27
Q

the glomerular pressure is opposed by the combination of: — and —
the net filtration pressure is —

A
  • Bowmans capsule pressure : 15
  • glomerular colloid osmotic pressure 29
  • 16 mm hg
28
Q

large proption of the blood flows to each kidney – % of each ventricular systole and or —-

A
  • 21%
  • 1200ml/min
28
Q

the filteration rate of both kidney is — and the daily rate — or twice body weight

A
  • 125ml/min
  • 180
29
Q

— is the volume of fluid filtered from the glomeruli into Bowman’s space per unit time.

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and its dependent on: the net filtration pressure, permeability of the corpuscular membrane, and the surface area available for filtration ( all are directly proportional )

30
Q

the reabsorption can occur in the cell by — or through the tight junctions —

A
  • transcellualr transport
  • paracellular trasport
  • both can be active or passive
31
Q

the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have

A

microvilli on luminal side

32
Q

at the base of the cells is a system of folds called

A

basal channels where active transport occurs in intercellular spaces

33
Q

active transport set up — down their — and the transport involves —– and cl and negative ions are result of —-

A
  • diffusion gardiens
  • concentration gardient
  • na+, glucose, vitamins, amino acids, ca++, k+ , acetoacetate
  • electrochemical gardient up
34
Q

Over 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the

A

tubules

35
Q

— grams of plasma proteins escape per day and will be reabsorbed by — on microvilli leading to higher concentration of the solute .

A
  • 30 grams
  • pinocytosis
36
Q

since the proximal tubule membrane is — permeable to water, the increased —- causes water to move —

A
  • high
  • osmotic pressure
  • out of the filtrate
37
Q

the end of the proximal tubule the fluid is about — w/blood and will be converted into —-

A
  • iso-osmotic
  • urine
38
Q

secretion involves the movement of substances as —– from — to —

A
  • h+ , potassium, organic anions
  • pertiublar capillaries
  • tubular lumen
39
Q

Tubular secretion is an important mechanism for:

A
  • controlling blood ph
  • removing excess k+
  • eliminating undesired substances or end product
  • disposing drugs and their metabolites
40
Q

therefore the maximum amount that can be reabsorbed depends on the maximum rate that the transport system can operate; consequently there is a

A

tubular transport maximum ( Tm)

41
Q

before the Tm for a substance is reached there is a threshold concentration in the plasma above which the substance appears in the urine; this is called the

A

-renel threshold
- With Glucose the Renal Threshold is 125mg/min.

42
Q

— the blood glucose exceeds its — at 320mg/min.
Thus all excess glucose appears in the urine

A

-diabetes mallitus
- tubular transport maximum

cgier (16 decks)

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