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cgier > cgier 25 > Flashcards

cgier 25 Flashcards

1
Q

water and na+ undergo – but no —

A
  • reabsortion
  • no secretion
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2
Q

the Na+ reapsortion is an — requires all – except —-

A
  • active process
  • tubules
  • descending limb of loop of henle
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3
Q

water reabsorption is by — and is dependent on —-

A
  • osmosis , passive process
  • na+ reabsorption
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4
Q

in primary active sodium reabsorption, the primary active transport of Na — and — the interstitial fluids

A
  • out
  • into
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5
Q

in primary active sodium reabsoription the transport is achieved by:

A

Na+ /K+ - ATPase pumps.

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6
Q

The active transport of Na+ out of the cell keeps the intracellular concentration of Na+ — compared to the tubular lumen so Na moves downhill from —- into —–

A
  • low
  • tubular lumen
  • tubular epithelial cells
    -The movement of Na+ across the apical membrane varies from segment to segment of the tubule.
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7
Q

MECHANISM OF 𝐍𝐚! REABSORPTION IN THE PROXIMAL TUBULE

A
  • cotransport w/organic material as: glucose
  • counter transport w/ h+
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8
Q

the main function of the reabsorption in the ascending limb of loops of henle is — and is done by —–

A

-reabsorption NaCl not water
- Na-K-2Cl cotransporter ( NKCC)

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9
Q

the NKCC is a — in — transport of —- and it depends on —-

A
  • protein
  • active
  • na, k , chloride into the cell
    na+ concentration created by Na/k-atpase pump
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10
Q

The K+ absorbed through the the NKCC from the tubular lumen and is recycled back

A

potassium channels

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11
Q

where does the event of diffuse through the sodium channels occur

A

cortical collecting duct

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12
Q

Na!, water, and other molecules absorbed into the interstitial space are now reabsorbed by

A

bulk flow into the blood

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13
Q

most secretion occurs in – and lesser in —

A
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting duct though all parts of the nephrons may secrete small amount
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14
Q

active secretion is the reverse of — and is usually in —

A
  • absorption
  • basal channels
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15
Q

Active secretion requires active transport and is usually coupled to the

A

reabsorption of Na+

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16
Q

the principle secretion are

A
  • k , potassium
  • hydrogen
  • urate ions
  • drugs as penicillin
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17
Q

the level of – is important as the excess in the blood leads to — and eventually —

A
  • potassium
  • cardiac arrthmia
  • cardiac arrest
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18
Q

Reabsorption and secretion is mainly controlled by these three hormones:

A
  • ADH , anti-dirutic hormones
  • Aldosterone
    -ANP , artial natriuretic peptide
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19
Q

ADH is secreted in the —- under the control of the —- where the — are sensitive to the na+ levels in the blood

A
  • pituitary glands
  • hypothalamus
  • osmoreceptor cells
20
Q

the release of adh leads to

A

-increases the permeability of the collecting duct and
perhaps the distal tubule to water, so water is removed from the urine
- more water is reabsorbed , more hypertonic urine produced ,
-low urine volume
- High plasma volume

21
Q

low levels of ADH leads to

A
  • more diluted hypo-osmotic extracellular fluid
  • less water absorbed
  • more urine produced
  • low na levels
22
Q

— is a steroid hormone which stimulated the na reasobrotion in the —- and the —-

A
  • aldeterson
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • cortical collecting duct
23
Q

aldosterone is secreted by

A

adrenal cortex

24
Q

low secretion of aldeteron leads to –
high secretion of aldosterone leads to –

A
  • na is nor reabsorbed but is excreted
  • na is reabsorbed
25
Q

Factors that regulate aldosterone secretion:

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism * Plasma concentration of K+
* ACTH
* Atrial natriuretic peptide

26
Q

—-blood pressure stimulated special cells in kidney to produce — and they will convert —- to —-

A
  • decreased
  • renin
  • angontensigon
  • angisten ii
27
Q

is a potent stimulator of aldosterone release

A

Angiotensin II
- which leads to vasoconstriction, na and h20 retention and increase of blood pressure )

28
Q

increase of — directly stimualtes the release of — and low level of it — its

A
  • k+
  • aldertrons
    imhibits the release of aldosterone
29
Q

leads to small increase of aldosterone during increased stress

A

ACTH

30
Q

secreted by the heart (arterial cardiac wall) in response to high blood pressure

A

ANP

31
Q

ANP blocks — and — the blood pressure

A
  • renin
  • decreases
32
Q

acts antagnositly to aldestrone

A

ANP

33
Q

the effect of ANP:

A

Dilates afferent arterioles which increases Glomerular filtration rate – directly inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the collecting ducts
– inhibits the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex
– Decreases blood volume and pressure

34
Q

the distal convoluted tube is in close contact with

A

afferent and efferent arterioles of the glomooirs

35
Q

— is in the distal tubule are in close contact with cells in the afferent arteriole called the — and the whole structure is called

A

macula densa cells , juxtaglomerular cells, juxtaglomerular apparatus.

36
Q

Afferent Arteriolar Vasodilator Feedback Mechanism

A
  • Slow glomerular filtration (e.g. low blood pressure) and consequent over-reabsorption of Cl- ions reduces the Cl- concentration at the macula densa.
  • this initiates a signal from the macula densa to the juxtaglomerular cells causing them to dilate.
  • this increases blood flow in the glomerulus and thus increases filtration.
  • a converse afferent arteriolar vasoconstrictor operates where too great a glomerular blood flow is reduced and consequently glomerular filtration;
37
Q

B. Efferent Arteriolar Vasoconstrictor Feedback Mechanism

A

Again a slow glomerular filtration (when blood pressure falls) and consequent over-reabsorption of Cl- ions reduces the Cl- concentration at the macula densa.
* this causes the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells into the blood circulation.
* which initiates a cascade reaction from angiotensinogen (renin substrate) producing angiotensin I;
* this is converted to the active form by an enzyme in the lung:

38
Q

B. Efferent Arteriolar Vasoconstrictor Feedback Mechanism

A
  • angiotensin II has a number of general effects but in the kidneys it particularly constricts the efferent arteriole (Can you remember what its other major function is?).
  • this reduces the peritubular blood flow while at the same time increasing the glomerular pressure and thus the filtration rate.
  • however at the same time the afferent vasodilator mechanism dilates the afferent arteriole.
  • thus the net effect is to maintain a constant glomerular filtration rate despite arterial pressure changes.
  • glomerular filtration increases very little despite arterial pressure changes between 75 and 160mm Hg.
39
Q

—- is a muscular tube about 25cm long, conveying urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder.

A

uretur

40
Q

The urinary Calyx, renal pelvis, ureter and bladder all have the same basic histological construction composed of three coats:

A

-A mucosa, ( is formed of stratified transitional epithelium)
-a muscularis layer and
-outer adventitia

41
Q

The muscularis layer is unusual with an —- band and outer —- of — muscle

A
  • inner longitudinal
  • circular layer or smooth muscle
41
Q

—- is composed of fibroelastic, loose connective tissue blending into the surrounding tissues

A

adventia

42
Q

The urine is produced by the kidney in a continuous trickle and then conveyed to the bladder by

A

peristaltic waves

43
Q

— lies posterior to the pubic symphysis in the anterior part of the pelvis

A

bladder
consist of:
-It has basically a similar construction to the ureter but with a thicker epithelium
- the mucosa layer has a transitional epithelium (6-8 cells) which allows the cells to slide past each other as the bladder fills
- This flexibility allows the bladder to reach a capacity of up to 800ml

44
Q

the — is distinct from the rest of the extra renal collecting system

A

-urethra

45
Q

— is the process of expulsion of urine from the bladder

A

urination or micturition

46
Q

The exit of urine from the bladder is controlled by two sphincters:

A

-An internal urethral sphincter located at the upper end of the urethra
-An external urethral sphincter located at the urogenital diaphragm
-The former is of smooth muscle under autonomic control and the latter striated voluntary muscle

cgier (16 decks)

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