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cgier 27 Flashcards

1
Q

the exchange of gasses between an organism and its environment is

A

respiration

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2
Q

the functions of respiration

A
  • supply 02 to the body
  • removes co2 from the body
  • aka gas exchange
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3
Q

is highly effective in producing ATP from glucose but requires steady 02 levels

A

aerobic respiration

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4
Q

warm blooded animals aka homeotherms have

A

high 02 requirements and most animals need continuous supply of 02 for cellular respiration .
Level of respiration = oxygen requirement = index of metabolic activity

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5
Q

the functions of respiratory system

A
  • helps u breath in and out
  • talk and smell
  • warms and moistens air to body temp and humidity level
  • protects ur airways
  • gas exchange
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6
Q

Three distinct stages of gas exchange

A

1- external respiration: transfers 02 into the blood from atompsthere
2- gas transport : transports 02 and c02 in the blood
3- internal respiration: cellular respiration 02 uptake and c02 production within the cells

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7
Q

respiratory pathway of external respiration

A

nostrils -> nasal cavity -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi-> bronchioles -> alveoli

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8
Q

the upper respiratory tract includes

A
  • Nasal Passages, Eustachian Tubes, Middle ear and mastoid cavities
  • pharynx and larnyx
  • epiglottis
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9
Q

The back of the nasal cavities is continuous with

A

throat aka pharnyx

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10
Q

An opening in the floor of the pharynx leads to

A

larnyx

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11
Q

contains vocal cords

A

larynx

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12
Q

larynx contains cartilage embedded in its wall to

A

prevents the larynx from collapsing

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13
Q

— flap that automatically closes off the larynx during swallowing so that food and liquid enter the oesophagus rather than the lower airway.

A

epiglottis

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14
Q

the most common form of infections in the world

A

respiratory tract infections
- usually viral but can be bacterial
- mild symptoms but can be severe in children, elderly, immuncompromised patients.
- common cold, sore throat, earache, blocked sinuses, nasal congestion

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15
Q

is a single tube which branches into left and right bronchus ( one in each lungs )

A

trachea , surrounded by rings of hyaline cartilage which reinforces the tube walls

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16
Q

the lungs they branch extensively into smaller (secondary)

A
  • bronchi and then many bronchioles
    -Ciliated epithelium in trachea, bronchi, bronchioles.
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17
Q

Cilia beat upwards pushing the mucus secreted by the goblet cells assisted by the cough reflex

A

Mucociliary Escalator

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18
Q

Bronchioles lead into

A

bronchiolar/alveolarducts.
these ends in alveoli which are site of 02 and c02 exchange in the bloodstream

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19
Q

Gases diffuse freely through the walls of the —- and into the — that surround

A

alveolus into the capillaries

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20
Q

Alveolar wall contains 2 major cell types

A

Alveolar epithelial cells – Type I and Type II (also called pneumocytes)
1. type 1: squamous and extremely thin cover 95% alveolar surface involved in gas exchnage
2. type 2: granular and roughly cuboidal cover 5% secretes pulmonary surfactant

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21
Q

a phospholipid acts as detergent and reduces surface tension to prevent alveoli from collapsing

A

surfactant

22
Q

surface tension is produced by the

A

lining of the lungs , surface area is 480 million in alveoli in 2 lungs 70-80 m in adults

23
Q

Some premature babies born under 32 weeks gestation do not secrete

A

surfactant bc their lungs have immature or insuffienct type 2 penumocyte. This leads to difficulty in lung expansion and alveoli begins to collapse ( atelectasis ) Requires; immediate treatment, mechanical ventilation, oxygen throat, synthetic or natural surfactant

24
Q

Large, spongy, elastic organs within the

A

thoracic cavity ( left and right lungs , right lung has 3 lobes and left has 2 lobes bc left lung is smaller to give space for the heart) . These lobes are divided into segments

25
Q

is composed of anterior sternum, posterior spinal column, rib cage (12 pairs of ribs), diaphragm

A

thoracic cage

26
Q

The lungs are covered by a —

A

visceral pleura

27
Q

—in contact with the inner wall of the thorax; —- in between

A

parietal pleura , pleaural cavity

28
Q

a film fluid in the —- provided — for the lungs and the chest wall

A

pleaural cavity, lubrication

29
Q

are serous membranes (secrete serous mucous). Can become infected resulting in pleurisy

A

pleural walls

30
Q

has a negative atmospheric pressure of —- mm Hg. This acts like a suction to keep the lungs —-

A

Intrapleural space , -4 , inflated

31
Q

Pulmonary ventilation dependent on 3 pressures:

A
  1. Atmospheric pressure
  2. Intra alveolar pressure – will always equalise to atmospheric pressure
  3. Intra pleural pressure – always negative
    ( the difference between 2 and 3 is the difference in pressure that drives the air flow, air flows from high to low pressure)
    - Atmospheric pressure >intra pulmonary pressure >intra pleural pressure
32
Q

In intrapulmonary pressure
during inspiration the pressure inside of the lungs —- as the volume — and pressure — during expiration

A

decreases, increases, increases

33
Q

In intrapleaural pressure , pleaural cavity pressure becomes more — when chest well expands during — and returns to initial value as the chest wall recoils

A

negative , inspiration

34
Q

during each breath, the pressure gradient move

A

0.5 litres of air into and out of the lungs

35
Q

Why is intrapleural pressure negative?

A

necessary to prevent lung collapse due to surface tension of the alveolar fluid and the elastic fibres.

36
Q

Pneumothorax

A

collapsed lung, results from loss of negative intrapleural pressure.

37
Q

breathing is brought by —– and — the volume of — by means of —- — and —-

A

increasing and decrease
volume of the thorax
respiratory muscles, intercostals, diaphragm

38
Q

taking air into ur lungs is

A

inhaling/inspiration
- active process
- volume increases and air pressure( intrapulmonary pressure) in lungs decreases
- stimulating the diaphragm so it contracts becomes less flat and lowered.
-Also involves the intercostal muscles - short muscles that lie between the ribs.
-External intercostal muscles contract as diaphragm is lowered-raising rib cage and pushing sternum outward

39
Q

letting air out of the lungs is

A
  • exhalation/ expiration
  • passive no energy needed
  • diaphragm and intercostal releases chest falls inwards
  • rose of intrapulmonary pressure and reduction of volume
    -Can be made active (uses energy) by contracting the muscles of the abdominal wall and the internal intercostal muscles – e.g. in a forced exhalation; and during vigorous exercise
  • Abdominal muscles pull ribs downward and force abdominal contents upward
  • Internal intercostal muscles contract pulling ribs down = lung volume reduced
40
Q

breathing is controlled by

A

-respiratory centre of the brain stem
-3 groups of neurons located within the medulla oblongata and pons of the hind- brain

41
Q

Medulla
* Dorsal respiratory group- stimulates

A

inspiratory movements

42
Q

medulla
* Ventral respiratory group- stimulates

A

expiratory movement

43
Q

Pons
* Pontine respiratory group – divided into
two areas

A

– Pneumotaxiccenter–
continuously sends inhibitory signals to the inspiratory center of the medulla, controls the length of each breath

– Apneusticcenter-stimulatesthe inspiratory neurons of the dorsal and ventral groups

44
Q

Respiratory rate and depth of inspiration controlled by

A

Medulla and Pons in response to specific stimuli . Concentration of the chemicals is controlled by chemoreceptors

44
Q

Central Chemoreceptors (in medulla) near inspiratory area is sensitive to

A

CO2
and H+ concentration in blood
 Increased blood CO2 and H+ levels causes excitation of the inspiratory
area.
Why? – to increase respiratory rate and expel CO2
 Low levels CO2 - decrease respiratory rate

45
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors in the Carotid artery and Aortic arch sensitive to

A

increased CO2 and H+ ions concentration and a drop in oxygen

46
Q

Basic breathing rhythm generated by

A

neuronal oscillatory (i.e. on/off) circuit in inspiratory area

47
Q

Inspiratory circuit fires 2 seconds

A

→ nerve impulse → diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract → inspiration

48
Q

Inspiratory circuit dormant 3 seconds

A

→ expiratory area dormant → expiration by default, becomes active in forceful breathing
- 12 breaths/min quiet breathing,

49
Q

more info

A

But, during exercise expiratory area activated. Also, Pneumotaxic area continuously transmits impulses to inspiratory area which have a negative effect and turn off inspiratory signal [prevents over-inflation of lungs]:
– Strong impulse = 0.5 sec inspiration → secondary effect to increase breathing to 30- 40 breaths/min;
– Weak impulse = 5 - 7 sec inspiration.
* Hering - Breuer Reflex: stretch receptors in lung tissue (see diagram previous slide), bronchi, bronchioles may on activation transmit inhibitory signal via the vagus nerve (X) to the inspiratory area; prevents over-inflation of the lung

cgier (16 decks)

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