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Nervous System > Cerebral Hemispheres > Flashcards

Cerebral Hemispheres Flashcards

1
Q

what is the basal ganglia?

A

collection of neural cell bodies buried in the white matter

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2
Q

what is the gyrus of the brain?

A

elevation either side of the sulci

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3
Q

where is the median longitudinal fissure?

A

in between the two hemispheres

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4
Q

what is the fissure between the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum?

A

the transverse fissure

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5
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A

broad band of nervous tissue connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

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6
Q

where is the central sulcus?

A

between the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe (with the precentral sulcus and postcentral sulcus either side of it)

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7
Q

where is the lateral sulcus?

A

on the lteral part of the hemisphere between the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe

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8
Q

what separates the parietal hemispheres and the occipital hemispheres?

A

the Prieto-occipital sulcus

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9
Q

where is the cingulate sulcus?

A

on the median wall of the cerebral cortex separating the cingulate gyrus from the from the frontal and parietal lobes

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10
Q

what is the insula?

A

> area of the cerebral cortex
it is part of the temporal lobe
overlapped by sides of the deep cerebral sulcus in each hemisphere

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11
Q

what lobe of the brain coordinates muscles, higher mental functions and intellect?

A

the frontal lobe

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12
Q

what lobe of the brain is somatosensory (touch, temperature, pain)?

A

parietal lobe

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13
Q

what part of the brain is for hearing and smell?

A

the temporal lobe

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14
Q

what part of the brain is for vision?

A

the occipital lobe

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15
Q

what are the medial portions of the cerebral hemispheres for?

A

storage and retrieval of processed information.

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16
Q

what is the difference between primary and associated areas?

A

primary area is where the information first goes to then it is passed on to an association area which makes sense of the information

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17
Q

what is the precentral gyrus?

A

this is part of the frontal lobe (area 4) -primary motor cortex- that is somatotopic representation of the contralateral, half of the body

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18
Q

what is the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

brocas area of motor speech

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19
Q

what does the prefrontal cortex do?

A

it organises all muscles movement, higher order intellect and predicts and judges

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20
Q

what is the cortical homunculus?

A

distorted representation of the human body that is based on a neurological map of the areas, and proportions of the brain dedicated to processing motor functions, or sensory functions, for different parts of the body.

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21
Q

what is the post-central gyrus?

A

areas 3,1,2- primary sensory area- that receives general sensations from the contralateral half of the body

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22
Q

name the lobules and gyruses making up the parietal lobe

A

> post central gyrus
superior parietal lobule
inferior parietal lobule

23
Q

what is the function of the superior parietal lobule?

A

interpretation of general sensory information and conscious awareness of the contralateral half of the body

24
Q

what is the function of the inferior parietal lobule?

A

interface between the somatosensory cortex and visual and auditory association areas. contributes to language function in the dominant hemisphere

25
Q

what can a parietal lobe lesion cause?

A

> hemisensory neglect
right-left agnosia
acalculia
agraphia

26
Q

what is the primary auditory cortex?

A

the superior temporal gyrus in the temporal lobe

27
Q

what is wernicks area?

A

> it is the auditory association area that is crucial for understanding the spoken word
temporal lobe,
unilateral in the dominant hemisphere

28
Q

from where does the inferior surface of the temporal lobe receive fibres from?

A

the olfactory tract

29
Q

where is the primary visual cortex?

A

on the medial surface of the occipital lobe either side of the calcrine sulcus

30
Q

what makes up the occipital lobe?

A

> primary visual cortex

> visual association cortex

31
Q

what makes up the limbic lobe?

A

> cingulate gyrus
hippocampus (medial aspect of the temporal lobe)
parahippocampal gyrus
amygdala

32
Q

what aspects of behaviour does the limbic lobe involve?

A

the memory and emotional aspects of behaviour

33
Q

what is aphasia?

A

problem with speech due to damage to one or more speech areas of the brain

34
Q

describe brocas aphasia

A 
> understands speech
> misses small words
> aware of speech difficulties
> frontal lobe damage
> weakness and paralysis of one side of the body
35
Q

describe wernickes aphasia

A 
> fluent speech with new meaningless words
> cant understand speech
> doesn't know of mistakes
> damage to temporal lobe
> no paralysis
36
Q

name the three types of myelinated axon fibres

A

> commisural fibres
association fibres
projection fibres

37
Q

what are commissural fibres?

A

fibres connecting corresponding areas of the two hemispheres (corpus callosum)

38
Q

what are association fibres?

A

fibres connecting one part of the cortex with the other (can be short and long)

39
Q

what are projection fibres?

A

fibres running between the cerebral cortex and various subcortical centres (they pass through the corona radiate and internal capsule)

40
Q

what is tractography?

A

recent 3D modelling technique mapping functional white matter tracts using data collected using MRI.

41
Q

what is the internal capsule made of?

A

projection fibres passing to and from the cerebral cortex

42
Q

where is the internal capsule?

A

narrow area between the thalamus and caudate nucleus medially, and lentiform nucleus latterally

43
Q

what supplies the internal capsule with blood?

A

he middle cerebral artery

44
Q

what makes up the basal ganglia?

A

> caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

45
Q

what are the subcortical nuclei?

A

collection of neural cell bodies deep within each cerebral hemisphere

46
Q

what part of the midbrain is functionally part of the basal ganglia?

A

substantia nigra

47
Q

which basal ganglia has a tail?

A

caudate nucleas

48
Q

which is more medial the globus pallidus or the putamen?

A

the globus pallidus

49
Q

what forms the lentiform nucleas?

A

the globus pallidus and the putamen

50
Q

name structures and ganglia form the most medial to the most lateral starting at the third ventricle

A 
> third ventricle
> (lateral ventricle)
> thalamus (posterior) and caudate nucleus (anterior)
> internal capsule
> lentiform nucleas
51
Q

what basal ganglia receive information from the premotor cortex, motor cortex and thalamus?

A

input regions
> caudate nucleus
> putamen

52
Q

what basal ganglia are output regions (receiving information from the input regions)?

A

Globus pallidus

substantia nigra

53
Q

where does the globus pallidus primarily project to?

A

thalamus

54
Q

what is the major function of the basal ganglia?

A

regulate initiation and termination of movements

Nervous System (45 decks)

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