Cerebral Hemispheres

Question 1

what is the basal ganglia?

Answer 1

collection of neural cell bodies buried in the white matter

Question 2

what is the gyrus of the brain?

Answer 2

elevation either side of the sulci

Question 3

where is the median longitudinal fissure?

Answer 3

in between the two hemispheres

Question 4

what is the fissure between the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum?

Answer 4

the transverse fissure

Question 5

what is the corpus callosum?

Answer 5

broad band of nervous tissue connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Question 6

where is the central sulcus?

Answer 6

between the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe (with the precentral sulcus and postcentral sulcus either side of it)

Question 7

where is the lateral sulcus?

Answer 7

on the lteral part of the hemisphere between the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe

Question 8

what separates the parietal hemispheres and the occipital hemispheres?

Answer 8

the Prieto-occipital sulcus

Question 9

where is the cingulate sulcus?

Answer 9

on the median wall of the cerebral cortex separating the cingulate gyrus from the from the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 10

what is the insula?

Answer 10

> area of the cerebral cortex
it is part of the temporal lobe
overlapped by sides of the deep cerebral sulcus in each hemisphere

Question 11

what lobe of the brain coordinates muscles, higher mental functions and intellect?

Answer 11

the frontal lobe

Question 12

what lobe of the brain is somatosensory (touch, temperature, pain)?

Answer 12

parietal lobe

Question 13

what part of the brain is for hearing and smell?

Answer 13

the temporal lobe

Question 14

what part of the brain is for vision?

Answer 14

the occipital lobe

Question 15

what are the medial portions of the cerebral hemispheres for?

Answer 15

storage and retrieval of processed information.

Question 16

what is the difference between primary and associated areas?

Answer 16

primary area is where the information first goes to then it is passed on to an association area which makes sense of the information

Question 17

what is the precentral gyrus?

Answer 17

this is part of the frontal lobe (area 4) -primary motor cortex- that is somatotopic representation of the contralateral, half of the body

Question 18

what is the inferior frontal gyrus?

Answer 18

brocas area of motor speech

Question 19

what does the prefrontal cortex do?

Answer 19

it organises all muscles movement, higher order intellect and predicts and judges

Question 20

what is the cortical homunculus?

Answer 20

distorted representation of the human body that is based on a neurological map of the areas, and proportions of the brain dedicated to processing motor functions, or sensory functions, for different parts of the body.

Question 21

what is the post-central gyrus?

Answer 21

areas 3,1,2- primary sensory area- that receives general sensations from the contralateral half of the body

Question 22

name the lobules and gyruses making up the parietal lobe

Answer 22

> post central gyrus
superior parietal lobule
inferior parietal lobule

Question 23

what is the function of the superior parietal lobule?

Answer 23

interpretation of general sensory information and conscious awareness of the contralateral half of the body

Question 24

what is the function of the inferior parietal lobule?

Answer 24

interface between the somatosensory cortex and visual and auditory association areas. contributes to language function in the dominant hemisphere

Question 25

what can a parietal lobe lesion cause?

Answer 25

> hemisensory neglect > right-left agnosia > acalculia > agraphia

Question 26

what is the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 26

the superior temporal gyrus in the temporal lobe

Question 27

what is wernicks area?

Answer 27

> it is the auditory association area that is crucial for understanding the spoken word > temporal lobe, > unilateral in the dominant hemisphere

Question 28

from where does the inferior surface of the temporal lobe receive fibres from?

Answer 28

the olfactory tract

Question 29

where is the primary visual cortex?

Answer 29

on the medial surface of the occipital lobe either side of the calcrine sulcus

Question 30

what makes up the occipital lobe?

Answer 30

> primary visual cortex | > visual association cortex

Question 31

what makes up the limbic lobe?

Answer 31

> cingulate gyrus > hippocampus (medial aspect of the temporal lobe) > parahippocampal gyrus > amygdala

Question 32

what aspects of behaviour does the limbic lobe involve?

Answer 32

the memory and emotional aspects of behaviour

Question 33

what is aphasia?

Answer 33

problem with speech due to damage to one or more speech areas of the brain

Question 34

describe brocas aphasia

Answer 34

``` > understands speech > misses small words > aware of speech difficulties > frontal lobe damage > weakness and paralysis of one side of the body ```

Question 35

describe wernickes aphasia

Answer 35

``` > fluent speech with new meaningless words > cant understand speech > doesn't know of mistakes > damage to temporal lobe > no paralysis ```

Question 36

name the three types of myelinated axon fibres

Answer 36

> commisural fibres > association fibres > projection fibres

Question 37

what are commissural fibres?

Answer 37

fibres connecting corresponding areas of the two hemispheres (corpus callosum)

Question 38

what are association fibres?

Answer 38

fibres connecting one part of the cortex with the other (can be short and long)

Question 39

what are projection fibres?

Answer 39

fibres running between the cerebral cortex and various subcortical centres (they pass through the corona radiate and internal capsule)

Question 40

what is tractography?

Answer 40

recent 3D modelling technique mapping functional white matter tracts using data collected using MRI.

Question 41

what is the internal capsule made of?

Answer 41

projection fibres passing to and from the cerebral cortex

Question 42

where is the internal capsule?

Answer 42

narrow area between the thalamus and caudate nucleus medially, and lentiform nucleus latterally

Question 43

what supplies the internal capsule with blood?

Answer 43

he middle cerebral artery

Question 44

what makes up the basal ganglia?

Answer 44

> caudate nucleus > putamen > globus pallidus

Question 45

what are the subcortical nuclei?

Answer 45

collection of neural cell bodies deep within each cerebral hemisphere

Question 46

what part of the midbrain is functionally part of the basal ganglia?

Answer 46

substantia nigra

Question 47

which basal ganglia has a tail?

Answer 47

caudate nucleas

Question 48

which is more medial the globus pallidus or the putamen?

Answer 48

the globus pallidus

Question 49

what forms the lentiform nucleas?

Answer 49

the globus pallidus and the putamen

Question 50

name structures and ganglia form the most medial to the most lateral starting at the third ventricle

Answer 50

``` > third ventricle > (lateral ventricle) > thalamus (posterior) and caudate nucleus (anterior) > internal capsule > lentiform nucleas ```

Question 51

what basal ganglia receive information from the premotor cortex, motor cortex and thalamus?

Answer 51

input regions > caudate nucleus > putamen

Question 52

what basal ganglia are output regions (receiving information from the input regions)?

Answer 52

Globus pallidus | substantia nigra

Question 53

where does the globus pallidus primarily project to?

Answer 53

thalamus

Question 54

what is the major function of the basal ganglia?

Answer 54

regulate initiation and termination of movements