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Neuro_week5 > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

2 ways to divide cerebellum up

A

one way:
2 hemispheres + vermis

2nd way =
anterior lobe, posterior lobe, floculonodular lobe

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2
Q 
functional region = vestibulocerebelum
anatomical region?
principal input?
deep nucleus 
principal destination
function
A 
anatomical region = flocculonodular lobe
principal input = vestib sensory cells
deep nucleus  = vestibular
principal destination = axial motor neurons
function = axial control, vestib reflex (balance, eye movement, VOR)
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3
Q 
functional region = spinocerebellum- vermis
anatomical region = 
principal input = 
deep nucleus 
principal destination
function
A 
anatomical region = vermis
principal input = visual, auditory, vestib, somatosensory
deep nucleus  = fastigial 
principal destination = descending medial systems 
function = axial motor control (posture, locomotion, gaze), integrate head/eye moves, medial/anterior corticospinal
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4
Q 
functional region = spinocerebellum- paravermal
anatomical region = 
principal input = 
deep nucleus 
principal destination
function
A

anatomical region = paravermal
principal input = spinal afferents
deep nucleus = interposed
principal destination = contralateral red nucleus, lateral system
function= distal motor control, fine limb movement

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5
Q 
functional region = cerebrocerebellum
anatomical region = 
principal input = 
deep nucleus 
principal destination
function
A 
anatomical region = lateral hemisphere (beyond paravermal)
principal input = cortical afferents
deep nucleus = dentate
principal destination = integration areas: contralateral VA/VL thalamus --> cortex
function = initiation, planning, movement
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6
Q

everything in 3’s in cerebellum

functional division

A

1) spinocerebellum
2) cerebrocebellum
3) vestibulocerebellum

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7
Q

everything in 3’s in cerebellum
3 paired fiber bundles that attach to brainstem
what does each carry

A

1) inferior cerebellar peduncles = major input to cerebellum
2) middle cerebellar peduncle = major input to cerebellum
3) superior cerebellar peduncles = major output of cerebellum

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8
Q

everything in 3’s in cerebellum

cortical layers

A

1) molec
2) purkinje
3) granule

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9
Q

everything in 3’s in cerebellum

architectural features

A

1) cortex
2) white matter
3) deep nuclei (dentate, interposed, fastigial)

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10
Q

efferent connections mostly via ____

efferent output path from vermal cerebellum pathway
exception for flocculonodular lobe

overall function

A

mostly via deep nuclei

a) from fastigial nucleus, sends efferent info to vestib nucleus and pontine reticular formation

descends in medial descending system via lateral vestibulospinal tract and pontine reticulospinal tract

b) flocculonodular lobe make direct connections with vestib nuclei without fastigial

equilibrium and posture control

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11
Q

efferent output path from paravermal cerebellu

A

1) from interposed nuclei, send efferent through interposed nuclei
2) goes to contralat red nucleus
3) motor output thru rubrospinal tract (lateral descending system)

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12
Q

efferent output path from lateral cerebellum

A

1) info via dentate nucleus
2) goes to contralat ventrolateral thalamus
3) then to primary motor cortex, assoc motor cortex

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13
Q

afferent connection into flocculonodular lobe

A

vestib input

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14
Q

afferent input to vermal and paravermal zones

A

spinal cord input

2 somatotopic distrib arranged head to head with axial body more medial and limbs lateral

input of proprioception (from Clarke’s nucleus) to contralat red nucleus

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15
Q

afferent input to lateral zones

A

no direct!!!

contralateral cortex –> pontine –> lateral zone

contains collateral corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers

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16
Q

everything in 3’s in cerebellum

3 effects of lesions

A

1) synergy
2) equilibrium
3) tone

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17
Q

everything in 3’s in cerebellum

3 types of interneurons

A

1) basket
2) stellat
3) golgi

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18
Q

another name for neocerebellum

function

A

lateral hemispheres

modulates brain cortices involved in movement and planning and init movement

19
Q

what is general functional role of flocculonodular lobe

A

vestib control and vestib reflexes

axial control, balance, VOR, vestibulo-colic reflex, vestibule-spinal reflex

20
Q

general functional role of vermal region

A

axial control
posture
locomotion
gaze reflexes

21
Q

general functional role of paravermal region

A

stretch and withdrawal reflex

22
Q

names of 4 cerebellar deep nuclei on each side

A

1) dentate
2) globose
3) emboliform
4) fastigial

globose + emboliform = interposed nucleus

23
Q

functions of each of cerebellar deep nuclei

A

1) dentate = connection from lateral hemisphere for planning, coord of voluntary movement
2) interposed = connection to paravermal and fine tunes movements of limbs
3) fastigial = connections form vermal zone for control axial muscles, posture, balance, integrate head and eye movements

24
Q

types of deficits from cerebellar damage

1) which side of body
2) causes what but not what?
3) what is required for obvious motor effects?

A

1) always ipsil
2) causes loss of coord and equilibrium but not loss sensation or muscle strength
3) requires damage to deep cerebellar nuclei or large part of cortex

25
Q

types of deficits from cerebellar damage

general classes

A

1) problems with synergy –> ataxia
2) problems with equilibrium
3) problems with tone

26
Q

types of deficits from cerebellar damage

1) problems with synergy include

A

ALL D’S
1) dysmetria = can’t bring limb to point in space, undershoot or overshoot

2) decomposition of movement
3) dysdiadochokinesia = abnormal, rapid alternating movements

27
Q

lesions of midline vermis cause what?

lesions of lateral hemisphere impair what?

A

impaired coord of stance and gait, axial trunk posture, and equilibrium

impair ipsil limb

28
Q

mnemonic for cerbellar lesion effects

A

HANDS Tremor

H= hypotonia
A = ataxia, asynergia
N = nystagmus
D = dysarthria (slurred speech)
S = stance and gait

Tremor

29
Q

what are cellular components of cerebellar cortex

A

1) molecular layer = parallel fibers (processes of granule cells), dendrites of purkinjes, stellate and basket inhib interneurons
2) purkinje layer = cell bodies of purkinjes
3) granular layer = many granules (extend processes superficially to become parallel fibers)

30
Q

which cells of cerebellar cortex have inhib action

mechanism

A

stellate and basket

parallel fiber –> excite basket/stellate –> inhib of neighboring purkinje cells (lateral inhib) –> disinhib of deep cerebellar neurons–> incr firing

31
Q

2 main fiber tracts to cerebellum

A

1) climbing

2) mossy

32
Q

climbing fibers
arise from where

innerv where

A

arise from contralat inferior olive nucleus
ascend inferior peduncle
innervate all 3 functional zones

33
Q

mossy fibers
arise from where

excite what?

A

arise from many sources depending on which zone innerv (primary vestib aff/pontine nuclei…)
any input not from inferior olivary nucleus = mossy fibers

excite granule cells, and each granule contacted by many mossy

granule cells then excite Purkinje via parallel fibers

34
Q

describe complex spike vs simple spike

A

complex spike = due to strong connectionbtwn one climbing fiber and purkinje cell for strong contact (1 AP in climbing = many in purkinje)

simple spike = many parallel fiber inputs generate single AP in purkinje

35
Q

4 cell types of cerebellar cortex (golgi, granule, basket, stellate) ramify where

purkinje cells have axons that exit where

A

ramify within cortex

exit to cortex to deep nuclei

36
Q

purkinje cell outputs are ____ function?

golgi cells excited by ___ for what purpose?

A

purkinje cell output = inhib to turn off nuclei

golgi excited by parallel fibers for feedback inhib of granule cells

37
Q

what inputs to cerebellum are carried by climbing fibers

A

carry contralat inferior olviary nucleus info in inferior cerebellar peduncle to functional zones of cortex

each fiber makes many contact with purkinje cell so each AP in climbing fiber causes lots of depol in Purkinje (error signal)

38
Q

normal operation of cerebellum is what

A

direct planned motor outputs aligned with expectations (inferior olive) with actual motor performance (spinal afferents in cerebellum as mossy fibers)

39
Q

role of climbing fiber input for motor learning

A

when inferior olive senses discrepancy btwn planned and actual motor

climbing fibers cause complex spike in purkinje
mossy fibers activate granule/parallel cause simple spike in purkinje

therefore, climbing + mossy depol cause weakening of synapses for movement

40
Q

mossy fibers carry

climbing fibers carry

A

modality specific input that represents copy of reflex input (balance, limb position, eye-hand coordinates) as copy of reflex

input from contralateral inferior olivary nucleus for error signals - unexpected responses- reflex activity

both for learning

41
Q

everything in 3’s in cerebellum

3 step circuit

A

1) mossy fibers from diff sources excite granule cell

2) climbing fiber from inf olive nucleus
parallel fibers from granule cell converge on purkinje

3) purkinje cell innerv deep cerebellar nuclear cell

42
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei =

A

cerebellar outputs

43
Q

pathway of climbing fibers

pathway of mossy fiber

A

1) contralat inferior olivary nucleus
2) ascend in inferior cerebellar peduncle
3) innerv all 3 functional zones
innerv purkinje cells directly

1) several different zones
2) innerv granule cells

44
Q

Role of climbing fiber input in motor learning

A

Climbing fiber → complex spike in purkinje fibers

granule/parallel cells → simple spike.

If both inputs fire at same time, –> learning / plasticity presents itself.
In cerebellum, coincidental firinig ==> synaptic modification = LTD ==> subsequent weaker response

Neuro_week5 (26 decks)

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