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Pathology (F) > Cellular Response to Injury > Flashcards

Cellular Response to Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Increase in number of cells

A

Hyperplasia

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2
Q

Decrease in cell size and number

A

Atrophy

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3
Q

Replacement of one differentiated cell type w/ another cell type

A

Metaplasia

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4
Q

Mechanism of atrophy

A

Dec CHON synthesis
Inc CHON synthesis (Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway)
Autophagy

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5
Q

Causes of oxygen deprivation of cells

A

Ischemia
Cardiopulmonary failure
Dec O2 carrying capacity of blood

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6
Q

Dec in ATP leads to

A

Inhibition of Na-K pump leading to cellular swelling

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7
Q

Mitochondrial damage leads to

A

Leakage of pro-apoptotic CHONs

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8
Q

Entry of Ca leads to

A

Inc mitochondrial permeability

Activation of multiple cellular enzymes

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9
Q

Inc in ROS

A

Damage to lipids, CHONs, DNA

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10
Q

Plasma membrane damage leads to

A

Loss of cellular components

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11
Q

Damage to lysosomal membrane leads to

A

Enzymatic digestion of cellular components

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12
Q

CHON misfolding, DNA damage leads to

A

Activation of pro-apoptotic CHONs

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13
Q

Cell injury in reduced oxidative phosphorylation

A

Reversible cell injury/ hydropic changes/ vacuolar degeneration

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14
Q

Transport mechanism in cell activated when cellular swelling occurs

A

Na-K ATPase

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15
Q

Markers of necrosis

A

Inc eosinophilia
Myelin figures
Nuclear changes

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16
Q

Basophilia of the chromatin may fade/ dissolve

A

Karyolysis

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17
Q

Nuclear shrinkage and inc basophilia

A

Pyknosis

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18
Q

Pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmentation

A

Karyorrhexis

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19
Q

Necrosis d/t lack of blood supply (except brain)

A

Coagulative necrosis

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20
Q

Digestion of dead cells leading to pus formation

A

Liquefactive necrosis

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21
Q

Coag necrosis in the limb w/ superimposed liquefactive necrosis

A

Gangrenous necrosis

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22
Q

Necrosis that leads to granuloma formation

A

Caseation necrosis

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23
Q

Causes of caseation necrosis

A

PTB
Syphilis
Systemic fungal infx

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24
Q

Seen in enzymatic fat necrosis; fatty acids + calcium to produce chalky white areas

A

Saponification

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25
Q

Sudden trauma causes fat cell to rupture produces what kind of necrosis

A

Traumatic fat necrosis

26
Q

Electrolyte abnormality in acute pancreatitis as a result of saponification

A

HypoCa

27
Q

Necrosis involving deposition of Igs, fibrin and Abs in arterial walls (vasculitis)

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

28
Q

2 irreversible cell injuries

A

Necrosis

Apoptosis

29
Q

Irreversible cell injury that presents with cell swelling, inflammation and enzymatic digestion

A

Necrosis

30
Q

Irreversible cell injury that involves pyknosis and phagocytosis

A

Apoptosis

31
Q

Membrane-bound organelles that undergo apoptosis once completing its fx

A

Lysosomes

32
Q

Mechanism of apoptosis

A

Cell shrinkage
Chromatin condensation
Phagocytosis

33
Q

Marker for cells undergoing apoptosis

A

Caspases

34
Q

DNA and CHON breakdown in Apoptosis is visualized as what in electrophoresis?

A

DNA ladders

35
Q

2 mechanisms of apoptosis

A 
Mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway
Death receptor (extrinsic) pathway
36
Q

Cell eats its own contents

A

Autophagy

37
Q

Accumulation of TGL

A

Steatosis

38
Q

Stains for steatosis

A

Sudan IV

Oil red-O

39
Q

Organ involved when liposomes are close to the ER progressing to fatty cyst

A

Liver

40
Q

Organ presenting with tigered effect in steatosis

A

Heart

41
Q

Homogenous, glassy pink appearance on H&E

A

Hyaline change

42
Q

Reabsorption protein droplets in PCT

A

Nephrotic syndrome

43
Q

Excess of normally secreted proteins

A

Multiple myeloma

44
Q

Defective transport and secretion of proteins

A

alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

45
Q

Accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins

A

Alzheimer disease

46
Q

Aggregation of abnormal proteins

A

Amyloidosis

47
Q

What disease is associated with hyaline arteriosclerosis?

A

DM and longstanding hypertension

48
Q

Most common exogenous pigment

A

Carbon (coal dust)

49
Q

Condition wherein the lungs are blackened

A

Anthracosis

50
Q

Endogenous pigments seen in aging pts, or cachectic pts; wear-and-tear pigment

A

Lipofuscin

51
Q

endogenous pigment that is a storage form of iron

A

Hemosiderin

52
Q

Dye used to visualize hemosiderin

A

Prussian blue

converts iron to ferric ferrocyanide

53
Q

Triad of hereditary hemochromatosis

A

DM
Skin pigmentation
micronodular cirrhosis

54
Q

Most freq cause of acquired hemochromatosis

A

Repeated BT

55
Q

Formation of crystalline Ca phosphate; encountered in areas of NECROSIS; assoc w/ psammoma bodies

A

Dystrophic calcifications

56
Q

Tx for hemochromatosis

A 
Phlebotomy
Chelation (deferoxamine, deferasirox)
57
Q

Occurs in normal tissues d/t hypercalcemia

A

Metastatic calcification

58
Q

Type of lung Ca causing paraneoplastic hyperCa

A

Squamous cell CA

59
Q

Type of lung Ca causing paraneoplastic SIADH and Cushing syndrome

A

Small cell CA

60
Q

Terminally non-dividing state causing dec cellular replication in aging

A

Senescence

61
Q

Incomplete replication of chromosome ends; assoc w/ cellullar aging

A

Telomere shortening

62
Q

Increase in size of cells

A

Hypertrophy

Pathology (F) (20 decks)

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