Cellular Response

Question 1

Aspects of disease process

Answer 1

Etiology

Pathogenesis

Morphologic changes

Clinical manifestation

Question 2

Refers to the sequence of cellular, biochemical and molecular event that follow the exposure of cells or tissue to an injurious agent

Answer 2

Pathogenesis

Question 3

Able to handle physiologic demands maintaining a steady state

Answer 3

Homeostasis

Question 4

Nutrient deprivation triggers an adaptive cellular response

Answer 4

Autphagy

Question 5

Refers to an increase in the size of cells

Answer 5

Hypertrophy

Question 6

Activation of signal transduction pathway in hypertrophy

Answer 6

PI3K or AKT pathway

Downstream of signaling G protein coupled receptors

Question 7

Transcription factors involve in hypertrophy

Answer 7

GAT4

NFAT

MEF2

Question 8

Hypertrophy is limited by

Answer 8

Vascular supply

Oxidative capabilities

Altered protein synthesis and degradation

Cytoskeleton alterations

Question 9

Physiologic atrophy examples

Answer 9

Notochord and thyroglossal duct

Question 10

Common causes of atrophy

Answer 10

Decease workload
Loss of innervation 
Diminished blood supply 
Inadequate nutrition 
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Pressure

Question 11

Mechanism of atrophy

Answer 11

Ubiquitin Proteasome pathway

Glucocorticoid

Cytokines like TNF

Question 12

example of epithelial metaplasia

Columnar to squamous

Answer 12

Stones in the excretory duct

Vitamin A deficiency

Cigarettes smoking

Question 13

Squamous it columnar

Answer 13

Barrert’s esophagus

Question 14

Connective tissue metaplasia

Answer 14

Myositis oasificans

Question 15

Hallmarks of reversible cell injury

Answer 15

Depletion of ATP

Cellular swelling

Question 16

Causes of cell injury

Answer 16

Oxygen deprivation 
Physical agents
Chemical agents
Infectious agents
Immunologic reactions 
Genetic derangement
Nutritional imbalances

Question 17

Morphologic alterations in cell injury

Answer 17

Nonfunctional

Ultrastructural

Light microscopic

gross morphologic

Question 18

Morphologic changes in Necrosis

Answer 18

Increased eosinophil
Glassy homogenous appearance
Vacoulated cytoplasm 
\+myelin figures 
Calcination of fat cells
Nuclear changes

Question 19

Architecture of dead tissues is preserved

Answer 19

Coagulative necrosis

Question 20

Digestion of the dead cells resulting in transformation of th tissue into a liquid viscous mass

Answer 20

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 21

Seen in tuberculous infection

Answer 21

Caseous necrosis

Question 22

Seen in immune reaction of blood vessels

Answer 22

Fibrinoid vessels

Question 23

Decreased in scavenging ROS may lead to excess of these free radicals

Answer 23

Oxidative stress

Question 24

How are free radicals generated

Answer 24

Reduction oxidation rxn
Absorption of radiant energy
Rapid burst of ROS
Enzymatic metabolism 
Transition metals
Nitric oxide

Question 25

Predominant anti apoptitic proteins

Answer 25

Bcl 2

Bcl x

Question 26

Pro apoptitic proteins

Answer 26

Bax

Bak

Question 27

Cytochrome C binds to APAF 1 to trigger what

Answer 27

Caspase 9

Question 28

Cellular aging

Answer 28

Accumulation of DNA damage

Replicative senescence

Defective protein homeostasis

Nutrient sensing system