Cellular Regulation

Question 1

what is proliferation

Answer 1

cellular replication

Question 2

what is differentiation

Answer 2

growth

Question 3

what are some body parts that proliferate fast

Answer 3

skin
bone marrow
stomach

Question 4

what are some body parts that proliferate slow

Answer 4

muscle
bone
cartilage

Question 5

what is contact inhibition

Answer 5

prevent from overgrowth (cancer)

Question 6

what is differentiation

Answer 6

cell acquires functions that are different from those of the original cell from which it was derived
different cells can have different physical characteristics despite having exact human genes

Question 7

what is a benign neoplasm

Answer 7

retain shape and functional characteristics
excessive growth
not capable of metastasis

Question 8

what are some examples of benign neoplasms

Answer 8

hypertrophic scar
endometriosis
abnormal moles
ovarian cysts

Question 9

what is a malignant neoplasm

Answer 9

cells w/ abnormal growth patterns and multiple functions
ability to spread widely
complex tissues composed of many distinct cell types
errors in genetic code

Question 10

hallmarks of cancer

Answer 10

sustaining proliferative growth signaling
evading growth suppressors: resisting cell death
avoiding immune destruction
enabling replicative immortality
inducing angiogenesis
activating invasion and metastases
deregulating cellular energetics
genome instability and mutation
tumor promoting inflammation

Question 11

consequences of cancer

Answer 11

tumors act like a parasite
unsuccessful treatment can lead to fatigue, wt loss, pain, organ failure and eventual death

Question 12

infectious agents that can cause cancer

Answer 12

hep b and c
h pylori
hpv

Question 13

c in warning signs of cancer

Answer 13

change in bowel or bladder habits (colorectal cancer)

Question 14

a in warning signs of cancer

Answer 14

a sore throat that does not heal
(oral cancer)

Question 15

u in warning signs of cancer

Answer 15

unusual bleeding or discharge
bleeding from bladder, vagina, or rectum could mean prostate, cervical, or colorectal cancer

Question 16

t in warning signs of cancer

Answer 16

thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
lump on breast or teste

Question 17

i in warning signs of cancer

Answer 17

indigestion or dysphagia
(stomach, throat, esophagus, or mouth cancer)

Question 18

o in warning signs of cacner

Answer 18

obvious change in wart or mole
(skin cancer)

Question 19

n in signs of cancer

Answer 19

nagging cough or hoarseness
(lung and or throat cancer)

Question 20

lab tests done for cancer

Answer 20

CBC w/ differential
metabolic pannel
PSA
BRCA

Question 21

pathology tests for cancer

Answer 21

fine needle
scraping
surgical removal
looking at cells
definitive way to determine if it is malignant or benign, tissue type, degree, and cell markers

Question 22

what is grading neoplasm

Answer 22

measures degree of differentiation of a neoplasm

Question 23

what is staging cancer

Answer 23

determining size of tumor, location, and presence or absence of metastasis
TNM: tumor, node, metz

Question 24

primary prevention for cancer

Answer 24

vaccination
behavioral modifications
environmental modifications
treatment of infection
prophylactic surgery

Question 25

secondary prevention for cancer

Answer 25

early disease prevention:
colonoscopy
mamogram
PSA
self exams

Question 26

tertiary prevention for cancer

Answer 26

cure, control, palliation:
surgery: prophylactic, diagnostic, curative, palliative, and reconstructive
radiation: may be delivered with external beam therapy or brachytherapy
chemo: systemic, prevent multiplication
hormone therapy
targeted therapy
biologic therapy: immunotherapy, help immune system fight cancer
bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation