Cells and Cell Organelles (slide 2) Flashcards
PROKARYOTE
- DOES NOT HAVE NUCLEUS
- DOES NOT HAVE MEMBRANE
BOUND ORGANELLES - SIMPLER
– SINGLE CIRCULAR STRAND OF
DNA
– CELL DIVISION THROUGH
BINARY FISSION
– SINGLE CIRCULAR STRAND OF DNA
EUKARYOTE
- DOES HAVE NUCLEUS
- DOES HAVE MEMBRANE
BOUND ORGANELLES
– COMPLEX
– MULTIPLE LINEAR STRANDS OF
DNA - MULTICELLULAR
ORGANISMS - CELL DIVISION
THROUGH MITOSIS
– MULTIPLE LINEAR STRANDS OF DNA
ORGANISM (both)
- HAVE DNA
- UNICELLULAR
ORGANISMS - LIVING
ORGANISMS
how something looks/how it’s made
directly affects
how it works/what it does
CYTOPLASM
found in: both plants and animals
structure:
- clear, thick, jelly-like material
- bathes (surrounds) organelles
Function: - supports and protects cell
organelles
CELL MEMBRANE
found in: both plants and animals
structure:
- plant – inside cell wall
- animal – outer layer
- double layer of lipids
- selectively permeable
FUNCTION:
- support
- protection
- controls movement of materials
in/out of cell
NUCLEUS
found in: both plants and animals
structure:
- large oval
- holds DNA
FUNCTION: - controls cell activities
- contain hereditary material of the
cell
MITOCHONDRIA
found in: both plants and animals
structure:
- peanut shaped
- double membrane
- inner membrane folded into
cristae
FUNCTION: - breaks down sugar (glucose)
molecules to release energy - site of aerobic cellular respiration
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
found in: both plants and animals
structure:
- network of tubes
- smooth – without ribosomes
- rough – with embedded
ribosomes
FUNCTION:
- carries materials throughout cell
GOLGI BODIES
found in: both plants and animals
structure:
- fluid-filled sacs
- largest organelle in plant
FUNCTION: - store food, water, metabolic and
toxic wastes
CELL WALL
found in: PLANT
structure:
- outer layer
- rigid and strong
FUNCTION: - support
- protection
CHLOROPLASTS
found in: PLANT
structure:
- green oval containing
chlorophyll
FUNCTION:
- uses energy from the sun to make
food for the plant (photosynthesis)
LYSOSOME
Found in: both plants and animals
- small and round
FUNCTION:
- digests larger molecules into
smaller molecules
Uses chemicals to break down food
and worn out cell parts
I clean things up!
(Hint: Lysol)
RIBOSOMES
found in: both plants and animals
structure:
- small grain-like bodies
- free or attached to endoplasmic
reticulum
FUNCTION: - synthesizes protein
The development of the microscope in the
1660s increased
our understanding of the human body and led to the
discovery of cells.
Cell –
the smallest unit that can perform the
functions of life
Microscopy
– the science of using
microscopes to view samples or objects
THE CELL THEORY states that:
- All living organisms are made of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic organizational unit of life.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Humans are made up of around
100 trillion cells!
Cell Structure
One of the first structures to be seen clearly through a microscope
was the
nucleus.
The nucleus is the
organelle that controls the cell’s activities.
Organelles are
specialized structures that carry out specific functions
within a cell.
All Cells Use Energy
Cellular Respiration –
a process that releases energy from organic
molecules, especially carbohydrates such as glucose, in the presence
of oxygen
Mitochondria –
the site in animal and plant cells
where cellular respiration takes place
Organisms that are single cells are called
unicellular
organisms that are made up of groups of cells working
together are called
multicellular.
All living things are
categorized into two groups-
Prokaryote & Eukaryote
Prokaryote –
Cells that are very simple in
structure-no nucleus or other
membrane-bound organelles Ex- bacteria, archaea
Eukaryote –
Cells that have a more complex
internal organization- have a nucleus and other
organelles. Can form single cellular or multi
cellular organisms.
Examples: animals, plants, fungi
A difference between plant cells and animal cells is that
most animal cells are round whereas most plant cells
are rectangular. Plant cells have a rigid cell wall that surrounds the cell membrane. Animal cells do not have a
cell wall. When looking under a microscope, the cell wall is an easy way to distinguish plant cells.
Chloroplasts-difference
Plants are autotrophs; they produce energy from sunlight through the process of
of photosynthesis, for which
they use cell organelles called chloroplasts. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts. In animal cells, energy is
produced from food (glucose) via the process of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration occurs in
mitochondria on animal cells, which are structurally somewhat analogous to chloroplasts, and also perform
the function of producing energy. However, plant cells also contain mitochondria.
Vacuoles-difference
Animal cells have one or more small vacuoles whereas plant cells have one large central vacuole that can take
up to 90% of cell volume. In plant cells, the function of vacuoles is to store water and maintain turgidity of
the cell. Vacuoles in animal cells store water, ions and waste.
Cell
Membrane
Controls what comes into and out of a cell;
found in plant and animal cells
Members only
can come and go.
Cell Wall
Ridged outer layer of a plant cell
I’m a brick wall.
Cytoplasm
Gel-like fluid where the organelles are found
Sail through
my plasma.
Mitochondria
Produces the energy a cell needs
to carry out its functions
I am a “mighty”
power house.
Lysosomes
Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts
I clean things up!
(Hint: Lysol)
Vacuoles
Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials
I’ll store anything,
(Hint: Vacuum Bags)
Golgi Bodies
Receives proteins & materials from the ER,
packages them, & distributes them
I’m a
“GOLden” packer.
Chloroplasts
Captures energy from the sunlight and
uses it to produce food in a plant cells
Make me something
sweet to eat
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Has passageways that carry proteins and other
materials from one part of the cell to another
I’m a
transportER.
Ribosomes
Assesembles amino acids to create proteins
I make “some”
nice proteins.
Nucleus
Contains DNA, which controls the functions of the
cell and production of proteins
I’m the
control center.
Nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
I’m in “control” of
the number of “ribos”.
Chromatin
Tiny strands inside the nucleus that contain the
instructions for directing the cell’s functions
I’m a “tin” of
information.
