Biology Mutations and Cancer (slide 5)

Question 1

Mutations are any change to our

Answer 1

DNA

Question 2

Cancer is a

Answer 2

“disease of errors”

Question 3

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the

Answer 3

genetic information

Question 4

DNA is located in the

Answer 4

nucleus of cell

Question 5

DNA is tightly coiled into

Answer 5

two strands known as chromosomes

Question 6

DNA is made up of

Answer 6

deoxyribonucleotides repeated over and over

Question 7

DNA is made up of:

Answer 7

Pentose sugar (deoxyribose)

Phosphate group

Nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine)

Question 8

Nitrogenous bases

Answer 8

(Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine)

Question 9

The base pairings are always read in sequences of

Answer 9

three (codons)

Question 10

Adenine (A) always pairs

Answer 10

with Thymine (T)

Question 11

Guanine (G) always pairs with

Answer 11

Cytosine (C)

Question 12

Strand 1: AAT-GCA-TGA-TAC

Answer 12

Strand 2: TTA-CGT-ACT-ATG

Question 13

What is a “mutation”?

Answer 13

A mutation is a change in a cell’s DNA sequence

Question 14

Why are mutations important?

Answer 14

Mutations can be beneficial and help organisms adapt to it’s environment
for evolution

Question 15

Types of mutations:

Answer 15

Base substitution: an alteration of bases

Base insertion: adding a base

Base deletion: subtracting a base

Question 16

Base substitution:

Answer 16

An alteration of bases

Question 17

Base insertion:

Answer 17

adding a base

Question 18

Base deletion:

Answer 18

subtracting a base

Question 19

Base substitution

AAG-CTG-CAG becomes

Answer 19

AAG-CGG-CAG

Question 20

Base insertion

AAG-CTG-CAG becomes

Answer 20

AAG-CAT-GCA-G

Question 21

Base deletion

AAG-CTG-CAG becomes

Answer 21

AAG-CGC-AG

Question 22

Cells are continually

Answer 22

replicating

Question 23

If the DNA of a particular cell gets mutated, then this change can
also be seen

Answer 23

in any cells that arise from this particular cell

Question 24

If any of the letters (codons) are changed,

Answer 24

then a new message is
being sent

Question 25

Effects of mutations

Answer 25

Neutral Deleterious Lethal Beneficial

Question 26

There are checkpoints during

Answer 26

DNA replication and cell division

Question 27

The cell’s nucleus and specialized proteins determine if the cell

Answer 27

should divide or remain in interphase

Question 28

Cancer cells skip

Answer 28

checkpoints

Question 29

Necrosis:

Answer 29

Death of cells due to external factors Caused by toxins, radiation, infections, and trauma

Question 30

Apoptosis:

Answer 30

Programmed cell death (cell suicide) When cells are no longer needed or if the cell is copied incorrectly

Question 31

What is “cancer”?

Answer 31

A group of cells with abnormal genetic material that display three main properties Uncontrolled growth Invasion Metastasis

Question 32

Over

Answer 32

100 different types of cancer

Question 33

Mutations are accelerated

Answer 33

in cancer cells

Question 34

Mutations of cells can be accelerated by many factors

Answer 34

Environment: sunlight Carcinogens: chemicals, smoking

Question 35

What are “tumours”?

Answer 35

An abnormal growth of cells Not all tumours are cancerous

Question 36

Benign tumours:

Answer 36

Well defined borders Do not metastasize Not cancerous

Question 37

Malignant tumours:

Answer 37

No defined borders Metastasize Cancerous