Cell Structure Flashcards
1
Q
Ribosomes
A
- Involved in synthesizing proteins from amino acids
- Make up a quarter of cell
- some cells contain 1000s
- embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum
2
Q
Golgi complex (apparatus)
A
- synthesizing materials such as proteins that are transported out of cell
- located near the nucleus
3
Q
Vacuoles
A
- sacs for storage, digestion, and water removal
- one large vacuole in plant cells
- animals have some numerous
4
Q
Vesicle
A
- Small organelle within cell
- moves material in cell
5
Q
Cytoskeleton
A
- consists of microtubules that help shape and support cell
6
Q
Microtubules
A
- part of cytoskeleton and help supper cell
- made of protein
7
Q
Cytosol
A
- liquid material in cell
- mostly water, some floating molecules
8
Q
Cytoplasm
A
- general term that refers to cytosol and substructures (organelles)
- found within plasma membrane but not within the nucleus
9
Q
Cell membrane
A
- defines cell by acting like a barrier
- keeps cytoplasm in and substances outside of cell out
- also determines what is allowed to enter and exit
10
Q
Endoplasmic reticulum
A
Two types: rough and smooth
- rough = ribosomes on surface
- smooth = no ribosomes
- tubular network that comprises the transport system of cell
11
Q
Mitochondria
(Part 1)
Four functions
A
- cell energy
- cell communication
- cell differentiation
- cell cycle and growth regulation
12
Q
Mitochondria
(Part two)
What it does
A
- inner and outer membrane
- inner enclosed the matrix which contains mtDNA and ribosomes
- b/w membranes are folds which is where chemical reactions occur to release energy, control water levels in cells and recycle and create proteins and fats.
- aerobic respiration also occurs
13
Q
Centrosome
A
- comprised of the pair of centrioles located at right angles and surrounded by protein
- involved in mitosis of the cell cycle
14
Q
Lysosome
A
- digests proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
- transport undigested substances to cell membrane so they can be removed
- shape depends on what is being transported
15
Q
Cilia
A
- appendages extending from the surface of the cell
- causes cell to move
16
Q
Flagella
A
- tail like structures that help cell move
17
Q
Nucleus
A
- contains chromosomes and regulates DNA of cell
- defining structure of eukaryotic cells
- responsible for passing genetic traits
18
Q
Chromosomes
A
-condensed threadlike rods of DNA
19
Q
Chromatin
A
- consists of DNA and protein that make up chromosomes
20
Q
Nucleolus
A
- structure within the nucleus
- no membrane
- involved in protein synthesis
- synthesizes and stores RNA
21
Q
Nuclear envelope
A
- encloses the structure of nucleus
- inner and outer membranes made of lipids
22
Q
Nuclear Pores
A
- involved in exchange of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm
23
Q
Nucleoplasm
A
- liquid within the nucleus
24
Q
Cell membranes
A
- plasma membranes of lipids and proteins
- isolates cell and communicates with outside
- cholesterol adds stiffness and flexibility
- glycolipids help recognize other cells
- proteins help give shape, communicate, and transport across membrane
25
Selective permeability
- only small molecules, water and 02
- charges of ion either attract or repel ions (like repel) (opposites attract)
- molecules that are soluble in phospholipids can pass through membrane
26
Cell cycle
- process by which cell reproduces
- growth, duplication of genetic material, and cell division
- animal = 24 hours
- once neurons mature: they do not grow or divide
27
Cell differentiation
- less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell
- controlled by genes among a group of cells called zygotes
- gastrulation: early phase in embryonic of lost animals
- three primary germ layers: ectoderm (nervous system), mesoderm (muscular system), endoderm (digestive)
28
Mitosis
- exact replica of parent cell
29
Meiosis
- different genetic coding
| - special reproductive cells called gametes
30
Mitosis: interphase
- cell prepares for division
| - further divided into G1, S, G2
31
Mitosis: Prophase
- chromatin thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate.
- Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of cell and spindle fibers form
32
Mitosis: metaphase
- spindle moves to center of cell and chromosomes pairs align along center of spindle
33
Mitosis: Anaphase
- pairs (sisters) pull apart and may bend
| - once seperated - daughter chromosomes
34
Mitosis: Telophase
- spindle disintegrates, membranes reform, chromosomes revert back to chromatin
35
Mitosis: Cytokinesis
- actual physical splitting of cell into two cells
