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AS Biology > Cell Replication > Flashcards

Cell Replication Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of mitosis

A

Growth, repair of tissue

Asexual reproduction

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2
Q

Interphase mitosis

A

Engaged in metabolic activity in prep for mitosis

Chromatin replicated

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3
Q

Prophase mitosis

A

Chromatin condenses
Nuclear envelope disintegrates
Centrioles move to opposite poles of cell, extend fibres

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4
Q

Metaphase mitosis

A

Spindle fibres align chromosome along equator

Ensure that during anaphase, each new nucleus receives 1 copy of each chromosome

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5
Q

Anaphase mitosis

A

Paired chromatids pulled to opposite poles of cell after being separated at centromeres

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6
Q

Telophase mitosis

A

Chromatids arrive at opposite poles of cell

Chromosomes get longer and thinner

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7
Q

Cytokinesis mitosis

A

Actin fibre ring around cell centre contracts, pinching cell into 2 daughter cells

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8
Q

Binary fission

A

Circular DNA replicated, both copies attach to cell membrane
Plasmids replicate, cell membrane grows between 2 DNA molecules, pinches, divides cytoplasm
New cell wall forms between 2 DNA molecules
Plasmid numbers in daughter cells vary

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9
Q

Differences in mitosis in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

No nuclear envelope

1 chromosome

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10
Q

Virus replication

A 
Not living, cannot undergo cell division
Attach to host cell via attachment proteins
Inject nucleic acid (RNA DNA)
Host cell produces viral components
Assembled into new viruses
New viruses burst out of cell
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11
Q

Describe how the mass of the cell changes during mitosis

A

Intense chemical activity in interphase
Chromatin replication, protein production increases cell mass
Cell undergoes mitosis, cell mass halves

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12
Q

Causes of cancer

A

Mutations in DNA, affects regulation of division bad cell cycle
Divide at higher rate, proliferate
Uncontrolled abnormal mitosis, escape normal mitotic controls

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13
Q

Tumours

A

Mass of cancer cells, grows, releases proteins into body to attract blood vessel growth to supply it with steady oxygen, glucose supply

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14
Q

Malignant and benign

A

Grow more rapidly, life threatening

Grow more slowly, less life threatening

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15
Q

Metastasis

A

Cancer cells break away from tumour travel through bloodstream to different parts of body
Start new tumours elsewhere

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16
Q

Treating cancer

A

Chemo, kills dividing cells, block part of cell cycle

Prevents DNA replication, inhibits metaphase, interrupts spindle formation

17
Q

Effectiveness of chemo on cells

A

Affects cell cycle of all cells, more effective against rapidly dividing cells
Cancer cells damaged to a greater degree, fast dividing cells are vulnerable to damage, hair

18
Q

Mitotic index

A

Measure of proliferation status of a cell population
Elevated during processes that promote division, growth, repair
Prognostic tool for predicting response of cancer cells to chemo

Cell in mitosis
—

19
Q

Interphase meiosis

A

Chromatin replicated into

20
Q

Prophase I meiosis

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Recombination

21
Q

Metaphase I meiosis

A

Homologous chromosome pairs move to equator of cell

22
Q

Anaphase I meiosis

A

Chromosomes move to opposite sides of cell

23
Q

Telophase, cytokinesis I meiosis

A

Chromosomes gather at poles of cell

Cytoplasm divides

24
Q

Prophase II meiosis

A

2 daughter haploid cells

New spindle fibres form around chromosomes

25
Q

Metaphase II meiosis

A

Chromosomes line up at equator

26
Q

Anaphase II meiosis

A

Centromeres divide

Chromatids move to opposite poles of the cells and pulled apart

27
Q

Telophase and cytokinesis II meiosis

A

Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes
Cytoplasm divides
4 grand daughter cells

28
Q

How meiosis increases variation

A

Independent segregation
Recombination
Random fertilisation of 2 haploid gametes

29
Q

Independent segregation

A

Random assortment of maternal and paternal genes in meiosis I, II in metaphase

30
Q

Recombination

A

Crossing over to form recombination chromosome

31
Q

Random fertilisation of 2 haploid gametes

A

Homologous pairs, maternal, paternal chromosomes in homologous pairs have same genes at the same loci, diff alleles

32
Q

Lytic cycle

A 
Attachment 
Entry of phage DNA, degradation of host DNA
Synthesis of viral genomes and proteins
Self assembly
Release
33
Q

Attachments

A

Tail fibres bind to specific surface proteins on cell that acts as receptors

34
Q

Entry of phage DNA, degradation of host DNA

A

Sheath of tail contracts, inject phage DNA into cell, leaving empty capsid outside.
Cell DNA hydrolysed

35
Q

Synthesis of viral genomes and proteins

A

Phage DNA directs production of phage proteins and copies of the phage genome by host and viral enzymes, with components from cell

36
Q

Self assembly

A

3 separate sets of proteins self assemble to form phage

Phage genome packaged inside caspids as head forms

37
Q

Release

A

Phage directs production of enzyme that damages bacterial cell wall, allow fluid to enter
Cell swell, lyses, release, phages

AS Biology (29 decks)

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